早期诊断和治疗正逐步改善 PAN 的预后。 研究表明 1995 年之后诊断的患者 5 年存活率为 87.9%,而1963 和 1995 之间诊断的患者 5 年存活率为 76.5%。[105]Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:616-626.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.27240/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20112401?tool=bestpractice.com 非 HBV 相关 PAN 患者的 5 年存活率为 73.4%,而 HBV 相关 PAN 患者的 5 年存活率为 83.4%。[105]Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:616-626.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.27240/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20112401?tool=bestpractice.com 这与抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体 (ANCA) 相关性血管炎的存活率相似。[54]Gayraud M, Guillevin L, le Toumelin P, et al. Long-term followup of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: analysis of four prospective trials including 278 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:666-675.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/78003355/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11263782?tool=bestpractice.com
HBV 相关 PAN 的复发率小于 11%,低于非 HBV 相关 PAN(19.4% 到 57%)。[19]Guillevin L, Mahr A, Callard P, et al. Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa: clinical characteristics, outcome, and impact of treatment in 115 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:313-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148731?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Gayraud M, Guillevin L, le Toumelin P, et al. Long-term followup of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: analysis of four prospective trials including 278 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:666-675.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/78003355/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11263782?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Selga D, Mohammad A, Sturfelt G, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa when applying the Chapel Hill nomenclature - a descriptive study on ten patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45:1276-1281.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/45/10/1276http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595516?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:616-626.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.27240/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20112401?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,两组的平均复发时间为 29 个月。[105]Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al; French Vasculitis Study Group. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:616-626.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.27240/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20112401?tool=bestpractice.com 超过 90 天的诊断时间与未来复发风险增加有关,与死亡率增加无关。[107]Agard C, Mouthon L, Mahr A, et al. Microscopic polyangiitis and polyarteritis nodosa: how and when do they start? Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49:709-715.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/105561271/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14558058?tool=bestpractice.com
当采用皮质类固醇激素、抗病毒药物和血浆置换三联疗法治疗 HBV 相关 PAN 患者时,49.3% 的患者出现 HBeAg 到 HBeAb 的血清转化;出现血清转化的患者通常达到完全缓解,无复发。[19]Guillevin L, Mahr A, Callard P, et al. Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa: clinical characteristics, outcome, and impact of treatment in 115 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:313-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148731?tool=bestpractice.com
预后因素
5 因素评分法可预测 PAN 的存活率。[18]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jan;75(1):17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569467?tool=bestpractice.com 该评分法包含下列因素:
如果存在,则每项得 1 分。 在一项为期6年前瞻性研究中,评分为 0 的患者存活率是 86.1%,评分为 1 的患者存活率是69.4%,评分为 2 或以上的患者存活率是 47%。[18]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jan;75(1):17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569467?tool=bestpractice.com
也可以使用伯明翰血管炎活动评分[108]Luqmani RA, Bacon PA, Moots RJ, et al. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) in systemic necrotizing vasculitis. QJM. 1994;87:671-678.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7820541?tool=bestpractice.com (这是疾病活动度的一种临床指标)。[18]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jan;75(1):17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569467?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Gayraud M, Guillevin L, le Toumelin P, et al. Long-term followup of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: analysis of four prospective trials including 278 patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:666-675.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/78003355/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11263782?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管 5 因素预后评分中包含心肌病和中枢神经系统 (CNS) 受累,但它们并非死亡率的独立预测指标。[18]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jan;75(1):17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569467?tool=bestpractice.com
胃肠受累
胃肠受累,尤其是胃肠出血、穿孔、梗死和/或胰腺炎(而非胆囊炎),[18]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jan;75(1):17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569467?tool=bestpractice.com 是死亡率较高的独立危险因素,[18]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jan;75(1):17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569467?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Cohen RD, Conn DL, Ilstrup DM. Clinical features, prognosis, and response to treatment in polyarteritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:146-155.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6101626?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Edwards WH Jr, Martin RS 3rd, Edwards WH Sr, et al. Surviving gastrointestinal infarction due to polyarteritis nodosa: a rare event. Am Surg. 1992;58:167-172.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1348408?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Guillevin L, Le Thi Huong D, Godeau P, et al. Clinical findings and prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: a study in 165 patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1988 Aug;27(4):258-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2900659?tool=bestpractice.com[111]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gallais V, et al. Gastrointestinal tract involvement in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1995;146:260-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7653948?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Travers RL, Allison DJ, Brettle RP, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa: a clinical and angiographic analysis of 17 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1979;8:184-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34221?tool=bestpractice.com 尤其在急性期。[110]Guillevin L, Le Thi Huong D, Godeau P, et al. Clinical findings and prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: a study in 165 patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1988 Aug;27(4):258-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2900659?tool=bestpractice.com
回顾性研究 24 名腹部受累的 PAN 患者:13 名急腹症患者中有 3 人死亡,其他胃肠症状的 11 名患者中有 1 人死亡。[33]Levine SM, Hellmann DB, Stone JH. Gastrointestinal involvement in polyarteritis nodosa (1986-2000): presentation and outcomes in 24 patients. Am J Med. 2002;112:386-391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11904113?tool=bestpractice.com 1982 年有类似研究,患者出现急腹症的死亡率为 100%。[113]Zizic TM, Classen JN, Stevens MB. Acute abdominal complications of systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa. Am J Med. 1982;73:525-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6127033?tool=bestpractice.com 近期研究中较低死亡率的原因可能是早期诊断,手术和药物治疗的改善。[33]Levine SM, Hellmann DB, Stone JH. Gastrointestinal involvement in polyarteritis nodosa (1986-2000): presentation and outcomes in 24 patients. Am J Med. 2002;112:386-391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11904113?tool=bestpractice.com 胃肠受累在 HBV 相关 PAN 中更为常见。[20]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Cohen P, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus: a prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1995;74:238-253.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7565065?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Guillevin L, Mahr A, Callard P, et al. Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa: clinical characteristics, outcome, and impact of treatment in 115 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:313-322.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148731?tool=bestpractice.com
肾受累
教会山共识会议 (CHCC) 的定义不适用于 5 因素评分法的应用。[18]Guillevin L, Lhote F, Gayraud M, et al. Prognostic factors in polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a prospective study in 342 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1996 Jan;75(1):17-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8569467?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,肌酸酐和蛋白尿增高相关的死亡率,与显微镜下多发性血管炎相关性高于 PAN。 然而,一项纳入 10 名 PAN 患者(由 CHCC 定义)的研究发现,70% 的患者在诊断时出现肾受累,2 名患者发展成终末期肾衰竭。[106]Selga D, Mohammad A, Sturfelt G, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa when applying the Chapel Hill nomenclature - a descriptive study on ten patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45:1276-1281.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/45/10/1276http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595516?tool=bestpractice.com
年龄
诊断时的年龄较高是诊断后第 1 年内死亡的一项独立预测因素,[52]Bourgarit A, Le Toumelin P, Pagnoux C, et al. Deaths occurring during the first year after treatment onset for polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome: a retrospective analysis of causes and factors predictive of mortality based on 595 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005 Sep;84(5):323-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148732?tool=bestpractice.com 而且年龄 50 岁以上者与 5 年生存率降低有关。[110]Guillevin L, Le Thi Huong D, Godeau P, et al. Clinical findings and prognosis of polyarteritis nodosa and Churg-Strauss angiitis: a study in 165 patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1988 Aug;27(4):258-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2900659?tool=bestpractice.com