肝切除、肝移植和射频消融术 (RFA) 被认为是肝癌的根治性治疗方法。 [
]How do hepatic resection, percutaneous injections or percutaneous laser ablation compare with radiofrequency ablation for improving outcomes in people with hepatocellular carcinoma?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1104/full显示答案 肝脏切除是没有血管侵犯、肝脏合成功能正常、没有门静脉高压证据的孤立性肝癌患者的首选治疗。只有 5% 至 10% 的患者能够接受肝切除。肝切除也是乙型肝炎相关无肝硬化的肝癌患者的最佳治疗方案。对于<3 cm 的小肝癌,射频消融术与手术都可能是首选治疗方法。Meta 分析显示,早期肝癌射频消融术和切除之间的 1 和 3 年总生存率和无复发生存率相似。然而,在切除病例中,5 年总生存率和无复发生存率更优。对于接受射频消融术治疗的病例,并发症发生几率较低,住院时间较短。[56]Wang Y, Luo Q, Deng S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinomas: a meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9:e84484.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0084484http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24404166?tool=bestpractice.com
由于肝功能差而不适合切除或其他治疗的患者,应当根据米兰标准或扩展标准,例如加州大学旧金山分校标准,对肝移植合格性进行评估。[48]Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693-700.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199603143341104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594428?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Yao FY, Xiao L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: validation of the UCSF-expanded criteria based on preoperative imaging. Am J Transplant. 2007;7:2587-2596.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01965.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17868066?tool=bestpractice.com经动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE) 和/或射频消融术可作为患者等待肝移植期间的过渡治疗,尤其是预期等待时间会超过 6 个月时。[57]Veltri A, Moretto P, Doriguzzi A, et al. Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a combined therapy for unresectable non-early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eur Radiol. 2006;16:661-669.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16228211?tool=bestpractice.com
TACE 一般是无血管侵犯或肝外转移并且肝功能保持相对良好(即:BCLC B 期疾病)的多结节肝癌患者的首选治疗。数据表明,单纯栓塞与化疗栓塞同样有效。[58]Brown KT, Do RK, Gonen M, et al. Randomized trial of hepatic artery embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using doxorubicin-eluting microspheres compared with embolization with microspheres alone. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:2046-2053.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834067?tool=bestpractice.com
传统放射治疗不是一个很好的肝癌治疗选择,因为肝脏不能承受大剂量的放射。然而,使用钇-90 微球(SIRT-Y90;半衰期为 2.67 天;组织穿透:平均 2.5 mm,最大 11 mm)选择性体内放疗可以向肿瘤细胞传递高剂量放射,同时最大程度减少对周围肝脏组织的附带伤害。几个大型病例系列报告,在 Child-Pugh A 肝硬化合并中期肝癌的患者中,中位总生存期最长为 18.4 个月。即使在有门静脉侵犯的肝癌中,预计中位总生存期可长达 10.4 个月。几项大型 III 期随机对照临床试验正在研究 SIRT-Y90 的有效性和安全性,预计在近期会报告结果。[59]Salem R, Mazzaferro V, Sangro B. Yttrium 90 radioembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: biological lessons, current challenges, and clinical perspectives. Hepatology. 2013;58:2188-2197.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26382/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512791?tool=bestpractice.com关于晚期肝癌病例,例如有血管侵犯或肝外疾病的病例,索拉非尼是唯一能够改善总生存率并且毒性可接受的一线靶向治疗药物。[60]Scanga A, Kowdley K. Sorafenib: a glimmer of hope for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology. 2009;49:332-334.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22756/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115217?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:25-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095497?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Kane RC, Farrell AT, Madabushi R, et al. Sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist. 2009;14:95-100.http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/14/1/95.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19144678?tool=bestpractice.com[63]National Horizon Scanning Centre. Sorafenib (Nexavar) for hepatocellular carcinoma. April 2007. http://www.haps.bham.ac.uk/ (last accessed 21 August 2016).http://www.hsc.nihr.ac.uk/topics/sorafenib-nexavar-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma/然而,对于切除或消融术后的肝癌,索拉非尼不是有效的辅助治疗。[64]Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V, et al; STORM Investigators. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1344-1354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26361969?tool=bestpractice.com终末期肝癌病例是 Child-Pugh C 肝硬化或体力状态差(东部肿瘤协作组评分>2)的患者,他们不适合肝移植。终末期肝癌没有治疗方法,这些患者一般给予临终关怀治疗。
巴塞罗那肝癌分期 (BCLC)0-A 期(极早期 0,或者早期 A):可考虑外科手术(肝功能良好)
手术切除是没有肝硬化的肝癌患者的最佳治疗方案。手术切除也可考虑用于肝功能储备良好的肝硬化患者,只要他们没有显著的共病。只有 BCLC 极早期(0 期),或早期(A 期)(单个病灶,胆红素正常,没有门静脉高压)的患者是切除术的最佳候选人。[46]Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2005;42:1208-1236.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20933/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16250051?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Margarit C, Escartin A, Castells L, et al. Resection for hepatocellular carcinoma is a good option in Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A patients with cirrhosis who are eligible for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005;11:1242-1251.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lt.20398/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16184539?tool=bestpractice.com依据 BCLC 分期的肝切除标准包括:[65]Margarit C, Escartin A, Castells L, et al. Resection for hepatocellular carcinoma is a good option in Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A patients with cirrhosis who are eligible for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005;11:1242-1251.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lt.20398/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16184539?tool=bestpractice.com
肝内单个肿瘤
影像学没有肝血管侵犯
影像学没有邻近或远处转移
肝功能良好,没有门静脉高压
在考虑肝癌肝切除前肝功能良好是非常重要的,因为对于肝硬化肝脏在肝切除后有潜在的肝衰竭风险。对于仔细选择的患者 5 年生存率能达到 90%。[66]Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Long-term survival and pattern of recurrence after resection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with preserved liver function: implications for a strategy of salvage transplantation. Ann Surg. 2002;235:373-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1422443/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11882759?tool=bestpractice.com在西方国家,只有 5%-10% 的患者在初次诊断为肝癌时适合手术切除。术后出血和肝衰竭是切除后最常见的并发症。这些并发症在肝功能储备较差的肝硬化患者中更常见。荟萃分析显示,对于选定的肝癌患者腹腔镜肝切除术是安全、可行的;接受腹腔镜肝切除术的患者输血少,住院时间短,术后并发症少。[67]Zhou YM, Shao WY, Zhao YF, et al. Meta-analysis of laparoscopic versus open resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:1937-1943.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21259071?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Li N, Wu YR, Wu B, et al. Surgical and oncologic outcomes following laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2012;42:51-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21988222?tool=bestpractice.com
BCLC 0-A 期(极早期 0,或早期 A):不适合肝切除治疗
肝硬化肝癌患者的最终治疗是肝移植,同时治疗了肝癌和易于癌变的肝硬化。对于 MELD 评分很高,符合米兰标准的患者肝移植是一个治疗选择。
通过米兰标准(节选自美国器官分享网络:UNOS)选择行肝移植的患者:单个结节不超过 5 cm,或不超过 3 个结节,每个不超过 3 cm,没有大血管侵犯,没有局部淋巴结或远处肝外转移,体力状态良好。[46]Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2005;42:1208-1236.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20933/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16250051?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693-700.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199603143341104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594428?tool=bestpractice.com
最初符合肝移植的很多患者可能会因为在死者供体等待名单上的等待时间过长而发生临床状态恶化,最终不适合肝移植。因此,对这些患者来说活体肝移植是一个替代选择。活体肝移植能够避免移植等待时间过长,并且并发症发生率基本相同。[69]Hwang S, Lee SG, Lee YJ, et al. Lessons learned from 1,000 living donor liver transplantations in a single center: how to make living donations safe. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:920-927.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lt.20734/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721780?tool=bestpractice.com
等待原位肝移植的患者可用经动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE) 和/或 RFA 作为过渡治疗,因为对于小于 5 cm 的肿瘤,联合治疗能够取得较好的局部治疗效果。[57]Veltri A, Moretto P, Doriguzzi A, et al. Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a combined therapy for unresectable non-early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Eur Radiol. 2006;16:661-669.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16228211?tool=bestpractice.com经皮消融治疗(RFA 或者经皮酒精注射)对那些因为肝功能差和有共病而不能手术切除的患者是一个合适的选择,但是这些患者的肝癌需处于 BCLC 早期(0-A 期)。[40]Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020-1022.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24199/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21374666?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer. 2005;103:1201-1209.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.20892/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15690326?tool=bestpractice.com
经动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE)
通过血管造影,用明胶造成肿瘤动脉阻塞,从而引起肿瘤缺血性坏死。这种治疗方法的原理是通过阻断肝动脉血液供应减少肿瘤生长。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: MRI:动脉期血管灌注增强来自 Badar Muneer 医学博士的个人资料,佛罗里达医院移植中心,奥兰多,佛罗里达州;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: MRI:经动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE) 治疗后来自 Badar Muneer 医学博士的个人资料,佛罗里达医院移植中心,奥兰多,佛罗里达州;经获准使用 [Citation ends].
TACE 常用于 BCLC 中期 B 级的患者,但是也作为等待肝移植患者的过渡治疗。TACE 不是肝癌的根治性治疗方法,但能延长生存时间。
对于小于 2cm 的肿瘤和在 2~3cm 之间的肿瘤,TACE 和 RFA 都可以使用。然而,对于>3 cm 的肿瘤,射频消融术的有效性较低,因而首选 TACE。[40]Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020-1022.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24199/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21374666?tool=bestpractice.com
射频消融治疗 (RFA)基本原理是通过热量传导改变肿瘤温度摧毁肿瘤。不良反应少于手术,但局部消融治疗需要重复注射,对较大肿瘤它可能无法产生完全坏死。
射频消融术仅限于肿瘤局限于肝脏的患者,在肝癌数目最多 3 个并且每个均<3 cm 的患者中结局最佳。对于大于 2cm 的肿瘤它优于经皮酒精注射 (PEI)。[70]Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer. 2005;103:1201-1209.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.20892/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15690326?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2005;129:122-130.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16012942?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Germani G, Pleguezuelo M, Gurusamy K, et al. Clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous alcohol and acetic acid injection for hepatocelullar carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2010;52:380-388.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20149473?tool=bestpractice.com
射频消融术不用于位于肝顶部的病灶,或接近大血管或另一个器官(例如胆囊)的病灶,因为有射频消融术导致这些结构损伤的风险。在这些患者中,经皮酒精注射 (PEI) 或 TACE 可用于治疗肝癌。
经皮酒精注射 (PEI)BCLC 早期(0-A 期)的患者由于肝功能差和有合并疾病而不适合肿瘤切除。对这些患者,PEI 是一个合理的选择。[40]Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020-1022.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24199/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21374666?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer. 2005;103:1201-1209.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.20892/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15690326?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者可能符合肝移植米兰标准;但是,因为合并疾病他们不适合做肝移植。
PEI 的基本原理是通过化学物质破坏肿瘤。
PEI 和手术一样有效,有效率高达 70%~100%。[73]Hasegawa S, Yamasaki N, Hiwaki T, et al. Factors that predict intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in 81 patients initially treated by percutaneous ethanol injection. Cancer. 1999;86:1682-1690.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19991101)86:9%3C1682::AID-CNCR9%3E3.0.CO;2-6/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10547540?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Shiina S, Tagawa K, Niwa Y, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: results in 146 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160:1023-1028.http://www.ajronline.org/doi/pdf/10.2214/ajr.160.5.7682378http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7682378?tool=bestpractice.comPEI 对小于 2 cm 的肝癌效果较好;但对更大的肿瘤来说,因为肿瘤体积较大,PEI 可能不能导致整个肿瘤坏死。PEI 会导致 1~2 cm 肝癌的 90%~100% 坏死,但对 2~3 cm 肝癌坏死率是 70%,3~5 cm 肝癌为 50%。另外,患者需要反复注射。[40]Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020-1022.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24199/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21374666?tool=bestpractice.com
BCLC 早期 0-A 级的肝癌患者由于肝功能差和合并疾病不适合手术切除,RFA 是一个可选的替代方案。[40]Bruix J, Sherman M; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology. 2011;53:1020-1022.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24199/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21374666?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer. 2005;103:1201-1209.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.20892/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15690326?tool=bestpractice.com对于大于 2 cm 的肿瘤,RFA 在达到肿瘤完全坏死方面优于 PEI(98% 对 80%)。[75]Curley SA, Izzo F, Ellis LM, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular cancer in 110 patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg. 2000;232:381-391.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421151/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10973388?tool=bestpractice.com但是这种治疗方法会导致更多的并发症,例如胸水、出血和肿瘤播散。
BCLC B 级:中期
TACE 是一种非治愈性治疗方法,一般用于没有血管或肝外受累的 BCLC 中期肝癌。与肝脏合成功能较差(Child-Pugh B 或 C)的患者相比,TACE 已被证明在状态良好和肝硬化代偿期的不可切除肝癌患者中更有效。[76]Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systemic review of randomized trials for unresected hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology. 2003;37:429-442.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2003.50047/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540794?tool=bestpractice.com一个关于不可切除的大的肝肿瘤随机研究的系统综述显示 TACE 能够提高代偿期肝硬化和功能状态良好患者 2 年生存率。[76]Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systemic review of randomized trials for unresected hepatocellular carcinoma: chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology. 2003;37:429-442.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2003.50047/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540794?tool=bestpractice.comTACE 的禁忌证有门静脉栓塞、肝病失代偿和终末期肝癌。
通过 TACE 局部注射化疗药物(顺铂、多柔比星或丝裂霉素 C),可以在肿瘤内实现高浓度的化疗药物治疗并且最大程度减小了伴随的全身毒性反应。药物洗脱珠 (DC Bead®) 用于提高药物向肿瘤转运,减少全身分布。药物洗脱珠 TACE 是否优于传统脂质体 TACE 仍有争论,但是数据提示,在更晚期病例中,药物洗脱珠 TACE 似乎具有优势和更好的安全性。[77]Tsurusaki M, Murakami T. Surgical and locoregional therapy of HCC: TACE. Liver Cancer. 2015;4:165-175.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/367739http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675172?tool=bestpractice.com
TACE 联合经皮消融,也可用于治疗肝癌患者。经皮消融包括 PEI 或 RFA。一项系统分析显示:与单种治疗方法相比,TACE 联合经皮消融治疗能提高 1,2,3 年整体生存率。[78]Wang W, Shi J, Xie WF. Transarterial chemoembolization in combination with percutaneous ablation therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2010;30:741-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331507?tool=bestpractice.com
BCLC C 级:晚期
存在血管侵犯、肝外疾病或体力状态为 1 或 2 但 Child-Pugh A-B 肝硬化的患者,被认为患有 BCLC C 期(晚期)疾病。索拉非尼是唯一批准用于治疗这组患者的一线靶向药物。[60]Scanga A, Kowdley K. Sorafenib: a glimmer of hope for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma? Hepatology. 2009;49:332-334.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22756/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115217?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Cheng AL, Kang YK, Chen Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:25-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095497?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Kane RC, Farrell AT, Madabushi R, et al. Sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncologist. 2009;14:95-100.http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/14/1/95.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19144678?tool=bestpractice.com[63]National Horizon Scanning Centre. Sorafenib (Nexavar) for hepatocellular carcinoma. April 2007. http://www.haps.bham.ac.uk/ (last accessed 21 August 2016).http://www.hsc.nihr.ac.uk/topics/sorafenib-nexavar-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma/一个随机对照系统分析显示:使用索拉非尼,疾病进展期延长 79%,整体生存率提升 37.3%。[79]Zhang T, Ding X, Wei D, et al. Sorafenib improves the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anticancer Drugs. 2010;21:326-332.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20016366?tool=bestpractice.com包括多柔比星、α干扰素、抗雄激素药物、mTOR 抑制剂(例如依维莫司)和酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(例如厄洛替尼)在内的全身性治疗已经在临床试验中接受评估。但是,大部分药物具有明显的毒性,并且对不可切除或晚期肝癌患者没有临床益处。[80]Burroughs A, Hochhauser D, Meyer T. Systemic treatment and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: two ends of the therapeutic spectrum. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5:409-418.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231247?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Mathurin P, Rixe O, Carbonell N, et al. Review article: overview of the medical treatment in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma-an impossible meta-analysis? Alimentary Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:111-126.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9692685?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Zhu AX, Kudo M, Assenat E, et al. Effect of everolimus on survival in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma after failure of sorafenib: the EVOLVE-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:57-67.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1884577http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25058218?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Zhu AX, Rosmorduc O, Evans TR, et al. SEARCH: a phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sorafenib plus erlotinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:559-566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25547503?tool=bestpractice.com
BCLC D 级:终末期
肝功能差但肿瘤负荷有限(符合米兰标准)的 BCLC D 期患者,可能适合肝移植。否则,终末期肝癌没有特异性的治疗方法,这些患者一般转诊接收临终关怀治疗。远处肺转移可导致呼吸短促,骨转移可导致骨痛和高钙血症。两种情况预后都很差,建议给予姑息治疗。
复发
肿瘤复发可能是由于缺乏完全治疗应答、原先治疗的肝癌发生肝内扩散或潜在肝病导致的新发癌变。肝内扩散的最重要预测因素是肿瘤切除后病理发现血管侵犯和卫星病灶。对复发的治疗基于与原发疾病相似的原则和指南建议。还应当考虑对既往治疗的应答情况和耐受性。