肝癌是侵袭性很高的肿瘤。临床转归和生存主要由肿瘤分期和肝功能整体状态决定。[95]Nanashima A, Omagari K, Tobinaga S, et al. Comparative study of survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma predicted by different staging systems using multivariate analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005;31:882-890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15993031?tool=bestpractice.com有症状的肝癌患者 5 年生存率只有 0~10%。[96]Llovet JM, Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 2003;362:1907-1917.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14667750?tool=bestpractice.com对于仔细筛选的患者根治性治疗(肝移植和肝切除)5 年生存率明显较好。肝移植患者的无病生存率能够达到 75%,肝切除患者的 5 年生存率能够达到 30%~70%。[48]Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693-700.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199603143341104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594428?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM, et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology. 2001;33:1394-1403.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2001.24563/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11391528?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Bruix J, Castells A, Bosch J, et al. Surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: prognostic value of preoperative portal pressure. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:1018-1022.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831597?tool=bestpractice.com
肝移植是肝硬化患者的主要治疗方法(包括肝功能很差的患者),肝移植术后的预后非常好,可达到长期存活。生存率:中等效力的证据表明肝癌肝移植术后 5 年生存率与对照组相比从 25.3%(1987-1991 年)提高至 61.1%(1996-2001 年),但要比因非恶性肝病行肝移植的患者生存率要低。[48]Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693-700.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199603143341104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594428?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Yoo HY, Patt CH, Geschwind JF, et al. The outcome of liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States between 1988 and 2001: 5-year survival has improved significantly with time. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:4329-4335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14581446?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。肝移植术后 4 年和 5 年生存率分别为 75% 和 70%,肿瘤复发率小于 15%。[48]Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:693-700.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199603143341104#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8594428?tool=bestpractice.com另一个应用米兰标准的研究得到的结果类似,5 年生存率为 75%。[99]Regalia E, Coppa J, Pulvirenti A, et al. Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: analysis of our experience. Transplant Proc. 2001;33:1442-1444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11267365?tool=bestpractice.com
肝功能代偿良好的患者可行外科手术切除。非肝硬化的患者 3 年生存率为 58%,5 年生存率为 42%。[52]Teh SH, Christein J, Donohue J, et al. Hepatic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score predicts perioperative mortality. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9:1207-1215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16332475?tool=bestpractice.com
接受经导管动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE) 治疗的中期肝癌患者,中位总生存期为 19-20 个月,有些系列甚至报告在 TACE 应答良好的特定患者中,最长生存期为 45 个月。[100]European Association for the Study of the Liver; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;56:908-943.http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(11)00873-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22424438?tool=bestpractice.com根据报告,晚期肝癌患者的中位总生存期为 10.7 个月。[101]Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, et al; SHARP Investigators Study Group. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:378-390.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0708857#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650514?tool=bestpractice.com
巴塞罗那临床肝癌 (BCLC) 分期
总体上,相较于其他分期系统,BCLC 分期能为患者的生存情况提供最好预测评估。[45]Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19:329-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518312?tool=bestpractice.com
意大利肝癌分期系统 (CLIP)
CLIP0 分:生存时间为 31 个月
CLIP1 分:生存时间为 27 个月
CLIP2 分:生存时间为 13 个月
CLIP3 分:生存时间为 8 个月
CLIP4-6 分:生存时间为 2 个月