有确凿的证据证实针对乙型或丙型肝炎有效的抗病毒治疗能够减少肝癌的风险(但并不能消除)。[104]Singal AK, Singh A, Jaganmohan S, et al. Antiviral therapy reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:192-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879972?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Asia-Pacific Working Party on Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia-Pacific region: consensus statements. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:657-663.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06167.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492323?tool=bestpractice.com
乙型肝炎 (HBV) 或丙型肝炎相关性慢性肝病的患者在肝切除或肝移植后应考虑对合并疾病针对性的治疗以预防肝癌复发。因乙型肝炎相关肝癌行肝移植的患者应该继续乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白和核苷/核苷酸类似物治疗以减少移植物感染和防止将来肝癌的复发。然而,现在有良好的证据证明,耐药风险非常低的新一代核苷/核苷酸类似物可有效预防移植肝肝炎,无需使用乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白,即可获得极佳长期结局。[106]Fung J, Chan SC, Cheung C, et al. Oral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs without hepatitis B immune globulin after liver transplantation for hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:942-948.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629601?tool=bestpractice.com