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Gewitz MH, Baltimore RS, Tani LY, et al. Revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 May 19;131(20):1806-18.

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Denny F, Wannamaker LW, Brink WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever; treatment of preceding streptococci infection. J Am Med Assoc. 1950 May 13;143(2):151-3.

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Manyemba J, Mayosi BM. Penicillin for secondary prevention of rheumatic fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD002227.

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1.  World Health Organization. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: report of a WHO Expert Consultation. 2004 [internet publication].

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2.  Gewitz MH, Baltimore RS, Tani LY, et al. Revision of the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever in the era of Doppler echocardiography: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015 May 19;131(20):1806-18.

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3.  Punukollu M, Mushet N, Linney M, et al. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Sydenham's chorea: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016 Jan;58(1):16-28.

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4.  Watkins DA, Johnson CO, Colquhoun SM, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990-2015. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 24;377(8):713-22.

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5.  Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, et al. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005 Nov;5(11):685-94.

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6.  Miyake CY, Gauvreau K, Tani LY, et al. Characteristics of children discharged from hospitals in the United States in 2000 with the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever. Pediatrics. 2007 Sep;120(3):503-8.

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7.  Milne RJ, Lennon DR, Stewart JM, et al. Incidence of acute rheumatic fever in New Zealand children and youth. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Aug;48(8):685-91.

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8.  Quinn RW. Comprehensive review of morbidity and mortality trends for rheumatic fever, streptococcal disease, and scarlet fever: the decline of rheumatic fever. J Pediatr. 1994 Jan;124(1):9-16.

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9.  Veasy LG, Tani LY, Hill HR. Persistence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. J Pediatr. 1994 Jan;124(1):9-16.

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10.  Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS, et al. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med. 1987 Feb 19;316(8):421-7.

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11.  Johnson DR, Stevens DL, Kaplan EL. Epidemiologic analysis of group A streptococcal serotypes associated with severe systemic infections, rheumatic fever, or uncomplicated pharyngitis. J Infect Dis. 1992 Aug;166(2):374-82.

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12.  Carapetis JR, Currie BJ, Mathews JD. Cumulative incidence of rheumatic fever in an endemic region: a guide to the susceptibility of the population? Epidemiol Infect. 2000 Apr;124(2):239-44.

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13.  Wilson MG, Schweitzer MD, Lubschez R. The familial epidemiology of rheumatic fever: genetic and epidemiologic studies. J Peds. 1943;22:468-92.

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15.  Harel L, Zeharia A, Kodman Y, et al. Presence of the d8/17 B-cell marker in children with rheumatic fever in Israel. Clin Genet. 2002 Apr;61(4):293-8.

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16.  Harrington Z, Visvanathan K, Skinner NA, et al. B-cell antigen D8/17 is a marker of rheumatic fever susceptibility in Aboriginal Australians and can be tested in remote settings. Med J Aust. 2006 May 15;184(10):507-10.

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17.  Khanna AK, Buskirk DR, Williams RC Jr, et al. Presence of a non-HLA B cell antigen in rheumatic fever patients and their families as defined by a monoclonal antibody. J Clin Invest. 1989 May;83(5):1710-6.

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18.  Weisz JL, McMahon WM, Moore JC, et al. D8/17 and CD19 expression on lymphocytes of patients with acute rheumatic fever and Tourette's disorder. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004 Mar;11(2):330-6.

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19.  Chun LT, Reddy DV, Yamamoto LG. Rheumatic fever in children and adolescents in Hawaii. Pediatrics. 1987 Apr;79(4):549-52.

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20.  Chun LT, Reddy V, Rhoads GG. Occurrence and prevention of rheumatic fever among ethnic groups of Hawaii. Am J Dis Child. 1984 May;138(5):476-8.

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21.  Pearce N, Pomare E, Marshall S, et al. Mortality and social class in Maori and nonMaori New Zealand men: changes between 1975-7 and 1985-7. N Z Med J. 1993 May 26;106(956):193-6.

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22.  Carapetis JR, Wolff DR, Currie BJ. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in the top end of Australia's Northern Territory. Med J Aust. 1996 Feb 5;164(3):146-9.

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23.  McDonald M, Currie BJ, Carapetis JR. Acute rheumatic fever: a chink in the chain that links the heart to the throat? Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Apr;4(4):240-5.

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24.  Guilherme L, Kalil J, Cunningham M. Molecular mimicry in the autoimmune pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease. Autoimmunity. 2006 Feb;39(1):31-9.

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25.  Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, et al. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Jan 14;2:15084.

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26.  Galvin JE, Hemric ME, Ward K, et al. Cytotoxic mAb from rheumatic carditis recognizes heart valves and laminin. J Clin Invest. 2000 Jul;106(2):217-24.

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27.  Martin WJ, Steer AC, Smeesters PR, et al. Post-infectious group A streptococcal autoimmune syndromes and the heart. Autoimmun Rev. 2015 Aug;14(8):710-25.

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28.  Kumar V, Fausto N, Abbas A. Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004.

29.  Kumar P, Garhwal S, Chaudhary V. Rheumatic heart disease: a school survey in a rural area of Rajasthan. Indian Heart J. 1992 Jul-Aug;44(4):245-6.

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30.  Jaine R, Baker M, Venugopal K. Acute rheumatic fever associated with household crowding in a developed country. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Apr;30(4):315-9.

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31.  Steer AC, Carapetis JR, Nolan TM, et al. Systematic review of rheumatic heart disease prevalence in children in developing countries: the role of environmental factors. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Jun;38(3):229-3.

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32.  Wannamaker LW. The epidemiology of streptococcal infections. In: McCarty M, ed. Streptococcal infections. New York: Columbia University Press; 1954.

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35.  Kaur S, Kumar D, Grover A, et al. Ethnic differences in expression of susceptibility marker(s) in rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease patients. Int J Cardiol. 1998 Mar 13;64(1):9-14.

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36.  Guedez Y, Kotby A, El-Demellawy M, et al. HLA class II associations with rheumatic heart disease are more evident and consistent among clinically homogeneous patients. Circulation. 1999 Jun 1;99(21):2784-90.

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37.  Parks T, Mirabel MM, Kado J, et al; Pacific Islands Rheumatic Heart Disease Genetics Network. Association between a common immunoglobulin heavy chain allele and rheumatic heart disease risk in Oceania. Nat Commun. 2017 May 11;8:14946.

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38.  Gray LA, D'Antoine HA, Tong SYC, et al. Genome-wide analysis of genetic risk factors for rheumatic heart disease in Aboriginal Australians provides support for pathogenic molecular mimicry. J Infect Dis. 2017 Dec 12;216(11):1460-70.

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39.  Azevedo PM, Merriman TR, Topless RK, et al. Association study involving polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-1RA, and CTLA4 genes and rheumatic heart disease in New Zealand population of Māori and Pacific ancestry. Cytokine. 2016 Sep;85:201-6.

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40.  Denny F, Wannamaker LW, Brink WR, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever; treatment of preceding streptococci infection. J Am Med Assoc. 1950 May 13;143(2):151-3.

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41.  Gerber MA, Baltimore RS, Eaton CB, et al. Prevention of rheumatic fever and diagnosis and treatment of acute streptococcal pharyngitis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the Interdisciplinary Council on Functional Genomics and Translational Biology, and the Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation. 2009 Mar 24;119(11):1541-51.

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42.  Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, et al. Short-term late-generation antibiotics versus longer term penicillin for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Aug 15;(8):CD004872.

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43.  Lennon D, Kerdemelidis M, Arroll B. Meta-analysis of trials of streptococcal throat treatment programs to prevent rheumatic fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Jul;28(7):e259-64.

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44.  Lennon D, Stewart J, Farrell E, et al. School-based prevention of acute rheumatic fever: a group randomized trial in New Zealand. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Sep;28(9):787-94.

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45.  New Zealand Ministry of Health. Reducing rheumatic fever. November 2018 [internet publication].

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47.  Carapetis J, Steer A. Prevention of rheumatic fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Jan;29(1):91-2;author reply 92.

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48.  Jones TD. The diagnosis of rheumatic fever. J Am Med Assoc. 1944;126:481-4.

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50.  Reményi B, Wilson N, Steer A, et al. World Heart Federation criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease - an evidence-based guideline. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012 Feb 28;9(5):297-309.

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51.  Vasan RS, Shrivastava S, Vijayakumar M, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic carditis. Circulation. 1996 Jul 1;94(1):73-82.

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52.  Steer AC, Kado J, Jenney AW, et al. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Fiji: prospective surveillance, 2005-2007. Med J Aust. 2009 Feb 2;190(3):133-5.

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54.  Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Rheumatic chorea in northern Australia: a clinical and epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Apr;80(4):353-8.

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55.  Carapetis JR, Currie BJ. Rheumatic fever in a high incidence population: the importance of monoarthritis and low grade fever. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Sep;85(3):223-7.

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56.  Veasy LG. Time to take soundings in acute rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2001 Jun 23;357(9273):1994-5.

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57.  Narula J, Kaplan EL. Echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Lancet. 2001 Dec 8;358(9297):2000.

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58.  Abernethy M, Bass N, Sharpe N, et al. Doppler echocardiography and the early diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Aust N Z J Med. 1994 Oct;24(5):530-5.

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61.  Upton A, Lowe C, Stewart J, et al. In vitro comparison of four rapid antigen tests for group A streptococcus detection. N Z Med J. 2014 Jul 18;127(1398):77-83.

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62.  Cohen JF, Bertille N, Cohen R, et al. Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus in children with pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 4;7:CD010502.

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63.  Gentles TL, Colan SD, Wilson NJ, et al. Left ventricular mechanics during and after acute rheumatic fever: contractile dysfunction is closely related to valve regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Jan;37(1):201-7.

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64.  Tubridy-Clark M, Carapetis JR. Subclinical carditis in rheumatic fever: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol. 2007 Jun 25;119(1):54-8.

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65.  Wilson NJ, Neutze JM. Echocardiographic diagnosis of subclinical carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Int J Cardiol. 1995 Jun 2;50(1):1-6.

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66.  Upton A, Farrell E, Stewart J, e al. Disappointing performance of rapid antigen detection tests for group A streptococcus in the Auckland school-based sore throat programme. N Z Med J. 2014 Feb 14;127(1389):103-5.

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69.  American Heart Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. Jones Criteria, 1992 update. Special Writing Group of the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young of the American Heart Association. JAMA. 1992 Oct 21;268(15):2069-73. [Erratum in: JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):476.]

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73.  Carapetis JR. Rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 2;357(5):439-41.

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