对高风险地区的无症状人群进行筛查(也被称为主动发现病例)可能会发现轻度风湿性心脏病患者,他们可以从二级预防中得到最大获益。[73]Carapetis JR. Rheumatic heart disease in developing countries. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 2;357(5):439-41.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp078039http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671252?tool=bestpractice.com 世界卫生组织 (WHO) 制定了基于听诊的标准筛查方案且重点针对学龄儿童的筛查。[74]WHO global programme for the prevention of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease in sixteen developing countries (AGFUND supported). Meeting of national programme managers. 4-6 November, 1986. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1987. Report No.: WHO/CVD/87.1. 在这些早期筛查计划中,推荐对疑似病理性杂音病例进行超声心动图随访检查。然而,2007 年在柬埔寨和莫桑比克进行的一项具有里程碑意义的研究表明,超声心动图比心脏听诊更敏感,更具特异性,并且检测出风湿性心脏病的几率比单独听诊高 10 倍。因此,作者们认为应最先进行超声心动图检查。[75]Marijon E, Ou P, Celermajer DS, et al. Prevelance of rheumatic heart disease detected by echocardiographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 2;357(5):470-6.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa065085#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17671255?tool=bestpractice.com 此后进行的多项研究均采用了超声心动图筛查。[76]Rothenbühler M, O'Sullivan CJ, Stortecky S, et al. Active surveillance for rheumatic heart disease in endemic regions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence among children and adolescents. Lancet Glob Health. 2014 Dec;2(12):e717-26.http://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(14)70310-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25433627 insert id?tool=bestpractice.com 关于依据超声心动图诊断风湿性心脏病的标准化指南由专家组于 2012 年制订并发布。[50]Reményi B, Wilson N, Steer A, et al. World Heart Federation criteria for echocardiographic diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease - an evidence-based guideline. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012 Feb 28;9(5):297-309.https://www.world-heart-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/WHFechoCriteriaForDxRHDnrcardio.2012.7.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371105?tool=bestpractice.com 有关超声心动图检测风湿性心脏病患儿的预后数据正在不断涌现;然而,超声心动图筛查目前仍为正在进行中的研究课题,而非受到推荐的公共卫生干预措施。[77]Yacoub M, Mayosi B, ElGuindy A, et al. Eliminating acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2017 Jul 15;390(10091):212-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28721865?tool=bestpractice.com