存在一处致病基因突变可导致心肌细胞肥厚,以及心肌细胞的异常、变厚和紊乱,最终导致室间隔肥厚。室间隔肥厚可以是弥漫性肥厚,也可以是在室间隔特定部位的局限性肥厚。最典型的表现为紧邻主动脉瓣下方的室间隔部分肥厚最明显。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com肥厚的室间隔可导致单独出现的左心室 (LV) 流出道梗阻,或导致二尖瓣收缩期前向运动。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com二尖瓣收缩期前向运动是由于主动脉瓣下区域湍流,二尖瓣的前瓣被拖入主动脉瓣下区域所致,二尖瓣收缩期前向运动进一步加重了梗阻。
梗阻可局限于左室腔的中部,常见于室间隔中部肥厚和左室乳头肌肥厚。室间隔和乳头肌的同向运动可致左室腔收缩期梗阻。这类患者不一定有二尖瓣收缩期前向运动,因为梗阻部位在室腔低一些的位置。也可能发生孤立性心尖肥厚(心尖 HCM)。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com当心率增加,心肌收缩力增强,左室容积减小和外周血管扩张时,梗阻会加重。无论有无肥厚,大多数患者都出现舒张功能受损。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com舒张功能障碍会导致充盈压升高,这也被争论认为是导致许多患者(尤其是年轻患者)出现各种症状的主要原因。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Yetman AT, Gow RM, Seib P, et al. Exercise capacity in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its relation to diastolic left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:491-493.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11179545?tool=bestpractice.com
心肌缺血也很常见,有多种原因可导致缺血,比如,相对于左室肥厚的心肌毛细血管密度降低和心肌氧需增加,小血管疾病,心肌桥或舒张期室壁张力增加,或由于左室舒张异常和充盈异常导致的冠状动脉血管阻力增加。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com患者的症状可能由于静息和运动时主动脉下狭窄程度、舒张松弛功能受损、心律失常、在没有梗阻情况下的收缩功能受损以及心肌缺血所致。[2]Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995;92:1680-1692.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/92/7/1680.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671349?tool=bestpractice.com