在两类人群中应当进行筛查:
竞技性运动员
家族中有受累患者。
筛查竞技性运动员是否存在 HCM 仍有争议。[47]Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjornstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:516-524.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/26/5/516/2888062/Cardiovascular-pre-participation-screening-ofhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689345?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Donnelly DK, Howard TM. Electrocardiography and the preparticipation physical examination: is it time for routine screening? Curr Sports Med Rep. 2006;5:67-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16529676?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Corrado D, et al. Evidence for efficacy of the Italian national pre-participation screening programme for identification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in competitive athletes. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2196-2200.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/18/2196http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16831826?tool=bestpractice.com因为HCM是竞技性运动员的最常见猝死病因,是否所有竞技性运动员都需要常规筛查这一命题已经讨论过。[47]Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjornstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:516-524.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/26/5/516/2888062/Cardiovascular-pre-participation-screening-ofhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15689345?tool=bestpractice.com尽管仅有小部分运动员有明显的复极异常,提示先天性心肌病或遗传性离子通道病,但在过去 25 年里,意大利一直对所有竞技性运动员进行常规的参赛前心电图筛查,而结果表明,意大利运动相关猝死的低发生率要归功于此筛查。[49]Pelliccia A, Di Paolo FM, Corrado D, et al. Evidence for efficacy of the Italian national pre-participation screening programme for identification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in competitive athletes. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2196-2200.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/18/2196http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16831826?tool=bestpractice.com与仅仅进行体格检查相比,心电图增加了筛查潜在心脏病的敏感性,但在无症状的 HCM 患者中,多达 25% 的患者心电图正常。[42]Lawless CE, Best TM. Electrocardiograms in athletes: interpretation and diagnostic accuracy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:787-798.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18408622?tool=bestpractice.com虽然在欧洲,对年轻运动员进行心电图筛查使该人群心源性猝死率 (SCD) 的下降,但美国并没有支持采用这一方法。[42]Lawless CE, Best TM. Electrocardiograms in athletes: interpretation and diagnostic accuracy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:787-798.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18408622?tool=bestpractice.com
无症状运动员的T波倒置在很大程度上与年龄、性别、种族和运动训练的强度及持续时间有关。而且,将SCD的危险量化,如猝死家族史和其他基础性疾病的迹象,并与心电图的发现联系起来,非常重要。一般而言,黑人和青少年的T波倒置是正常变异。而所有患者的侧壁导联的 T 波倒置通常是异常表现,提示存在潜在心脏疾病。[50]Wilson MG, Sharma S, Carré F, et al. Significance of deep T-wave inversions in asymptomatic athletes with normal cardiovascular examinations: practical solutions for managing the diagnostic conundrum. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(suppl 1):i51-i58.http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/46/Suppl_1/i51.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23097480?tool=bestpractice.com心尖肥厚型心肌病可表现为QRS波较宽,特别是在V4导联,电轴右偏。其他研究还发现,T 波向量的向后偏移。[51]Madias JE. Electrocardiogram in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a speculation as to the mechanism of its features. Neth Heart J. 2013;21:268-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3661871/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23686564?tool=bestpractice.com
由于HCM是常染色体显性遗传疾病,应常规筛查所有的一级亲属,包括心脏超声检查。有些人年纪大了才有可能出现肥厚,所以超声心动图结果正常不能排除诊断。[13]Ashrafian H, Watkins H. Reviews of translational medicine and genomics in cardiovascular disease: new disease taxonomy and therapeutic implications cardiomyopathies: therapeutics based on molecular phenotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1251-1264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17394955?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Christiaans I, Birnie E, van Langen IM, et al. The yield of risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy myosin-binding protein C gene mutation carriers: focus on predictive screening. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:842-848.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/7/842.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019025?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Michels M, Soliman OI, Phefferkorn J, et al. Disease penetrance and risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutation carriers. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2593-2598.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/21/2593.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19666645?tool=bestpractice.com患者的一级亲属可以选择在不满12岁的时候开始筛查,除非有恶性SCD或家族史,或出现并发症的HCM家族史,参加竞技性运动,已出现症状,或临床怀疑早期左室肥厚的迹象。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com
整个青春期应每隔12-24个月进行病史询问、体格检查、和心脏超声。由于可能出现成人晚发 LVH,18 岁以上的家族成员应继续每 5 年进行一次临床筛查。[52]Ho CY, Seidman CE. A contemporary approach to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;113:e858-e862.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16785342?tool=bestpractice.com对于晚发 HCM 患者的家庭成员或曾有恶性病程的 HCM 患者,筛查频率可更高一些。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com因为在1年内发生很大变化的可能行不大,进行超声心动图的频率不应短于12个月。
当受累患者的家族成员找到致病基因突变时,对其他的家族成员进行筛查就非常重要了。对亲属进行遗传筛查可明确排除诊断,这样未受累的人就可以免除终生的系列超声心动图筛查。[13]Ashrafian H, Watkins H. Reviews of translational medicine and genomics in cardiovascular disease: new disease taxonomy and therapeutic implications cardiomyopathies: therapeutics based on molecular phenotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1251-1264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17394955?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Ho CY. Genetics and clinical destiny: improving care in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2010;122:2430-2440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135371?tool=bestpractice.com