大部分HCM患者的预后良好。90%的患者刚诊断出来时没有症状,大多数患者在长期随访中也不会出现症状。一项前瞻性研究中,18% 的患者直到 70 岁或以上才出现症状。[8]Maron BJ, Mathenge R, Casey SA, et al. Clinical profile of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy identified de novo in rural communities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1590-1595.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10334429?tool=bestpractice.com随着年龄的增加,有轻中度症状的患者的症状会逐渐进展。
有一部分患者,估计占所有HCM患者的5%,占三级医院的转诊患者的30%,将进展有症状的流出道梗阻,而药物治疗效果欠佳。对于静息态下可诱发出的左室 (LV) 流出道压差>50 mmHg 的患者和有严重限制性症状的患者,适合接受手术治疗或导管介入治疗。[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com
就诊时没有症状的患者,年病死率要低于有症状的患者(0.9%比1.9%)。与之相似,就诊时无症状的患者的年猝死率也要低于有症状的患者(前者的年猝死率为 0.1%,而后者的为 1.4%)。[81]Takagi E, Yamakado T, Nakano T, et al. Prognosis of completely asymptomatic adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:206-211.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9935031?tool=bestpractice.com
猝死的危险因素如下。[1]Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS. The dilemma of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: do patients with gradients really deserve prophylactic defibrillators? Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1895-1897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818455?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Maron MS, Olivotto I, Betocchi S, et al. Effect of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction on clinical outcome in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:295-303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540642?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e783-e831.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/24/e783.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068434?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Maron BJ, Spirito P, Shen WK, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and prevention of sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. JAMA. 2007;298:405-412.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=208110http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652294?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Goldberger JJ, Cain ME, Hohnloser SH, et al. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society scientific statement on noninvasive risk stratification techniques for identifying patients at risk for sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2008;118:1497-1518.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/118/14/1497.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804749?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Christiaans I, van Engelen K, van Langen IM, et al. Risk stratification for sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: systematic review of clinical risk markers. Europace. 2010;12:313-321.http://europace.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/3/313.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20118111?tool=bestpractice.com
寻找猝死的危险因素是临床的着力点。心脏MRI已成为识别心律失常高危患者的工具,几项研究发现,增强心肌钆延迟成像发现的心肌纤维化与室性心律失常有关。[23]Adabag AS, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, et al. Occurrence and frequency of arrythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1369-1374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387438?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Fluechter S, Kuschyk J, Wolpert C, et al. Extent of late gadolinium enhancement detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance correlates with the inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:30.http://www.jcmr-online.com/content/12/1/30http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20492668?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Suk T, Edwards C, Hart H, et al. Myocardial scar detected by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. Heart Lung Circ. 2008;17:370-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18562248?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Leonardi S, Raineri C, De Ferrari GM, et al. Usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance in assessing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2003-2010.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/16/2003.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19474054?tool=bestpractice.com[27]O'Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, et al. Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:867-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20688032?tool=bestpractice.com纤维化也是死亡的独立危险因素。死亡风险:一项包括 200 余例 HCM 患者的研究的低质量证据表明,存在纤维化是死亡的强独立预测因素。[28]Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:875-887.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20667520?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
儿童期就确诊的患者年病死率远高于普通人群(1.3%比0.08%),相比而言,成年期确诊的患者的年病死率并不高于普通人群(2.2%比1.9%)。[82]Maron BJ, Casey SA, Poliac LC, et al. Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a regional United States cohort. JAMA. 1999;281:650-655.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=188775http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10029128?tool=bestpractice.com
不足5%的HCM患者将进展为终末期心衰,但预后非常差。[1]Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Maron MS. The dilemma of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: do patients with gradients really deserve prophylactic defibrillators? Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1895-1897.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818455?tool=bestpractice.com当收缩功能恶化,左室开始重构,并开始逐渐扩大。终末期HCM的机制可能是弥漫性的缺血性损伤。发展至晚期的危险因素包括诊断时年龄较轻,症状更重,左室腔较大和终末期疾病的家族史。一旦随之发生有症状的心力衰竭,死亡率就会很高,距离死亡或心脏移植的平均时间为 2.7±2.1 年。[78]Harris KM, Spirito P, Maron MS, et al. Prevalence, clinical profile and significance of left ventricular remodeling in the end-stage phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2006;114:216-225.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/114/3/216.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16831987?tool=bestpractice.com