治疗自发性气胸的主要目标是除去胸膜间隙的空气,并减少复发的可能性。若怀疑张力性气胸,需立即对受累胸腔进行减压干预。[1]Jantz MA, Pierson DJ. Pneumothorax and barotraumas. Clin Chest Med. 1994;15:75-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8200194?tool=bestpractice.com
初始治疗包括观察补充氧疗、胸膜间隙的经皮穿刺吸气治疗气胸:有低质量的证据证明穿刺抽气法比观察能够更有效地提高治愈率。无充分证据显示穿刺抽气法在第一周比胸管引流能够更有效的提高治愈率。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 以及根据气胸类型和大小而进行胸腔置管。 [
]How does simple aspiration compare with intercostal tube drainage in adults with primary spontaneous pneumothorax?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2019/full显示答案 视频辅助胸腔镜手术或胸廓造口术可能对消除气体泄漏部位十分必要。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Baumann MH, Strange C, Heffner JE, et al; AACP Pneumothorax Consensus Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: an American College of Chest Physicians Delphi consensus statement. Chest. 2001;119:590-602.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369215382416?via%3Dihubhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11171742?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:868-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10727592?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Tschopp JM, Rami-Porta R, Noppen M, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: state of the art. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:637-650.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/3/637.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946095?tool=bestpractice.com
使用胸膜固定术可降低复发可能性。复发:有中等质量的证据表明,在减少原发性自发性气胸患者的 5 年复发率方面,使用滑石粉滴注的胸腔镜手术比胸管引流更为有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 该操作既可通过胸膜的机械性磨损完成,也可通过向胸膜间隙引入某种药物(该药物随后可粘附到胸膜壁层和脏层,刺激胸膜表面)完成。应依据患者的特征及临床情况选择手术方案。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:868-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10727592?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:321-335.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/46/2/321.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113675?tool=bestpractice.com
现已提出多种利用前后位胸部平片评估气胸大小的方法。不幸的是,这些方法无一例外都缺少准确性和/或者缺乏验证。[54]Kelly AM. Review of management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax: is the best evidence clearer 15 years on? Emerg Med Australas. 2007;19:303-308.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17655631?tool=bestpractice.com 英国胸科协会建议采用一种简单的方法判断气胸的大小:气胸体积小(肺缘和胸壁之间的可见边缘 < 2 cm)或者大(肺缘和胸壁之间的可见边缘至少为 2 cm)。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com
张力性气胸
张力性气胸是一种急症。可在气胸侧胸膜间隙的锁骨中线和第二或第三肋间的交叉口立即插入 14 G标准静脉导管进行减压。但是,多达三分之一患者的胸壁厚度可能大于导管长度;对于这些患者,建议使用第三或第四肋间作为减压的替代部位。这种减压方法可作为管状胸廓造口术的过渡操作。不应因等待张力性气胸的放射结果确认而耽误治疗。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com
张力性气胸空针减压 (needle decompression) 动画演示
原发性自发性气胸
观察临床情况稳定的小体积原发性自发性气胸患者,使用高浓度 (10 L/min) 氧气进行保守治疗,并在无任何侵入性干预的情况下进行观察。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:868-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10727592?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Tschopp JM, Rami-Porta R, Noppen M, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: state of the art. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:637-650.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/3/637.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946095?tool=bestpractice.com[55]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017;72(Suppl 1):ii1-ii90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com 已证明通过使用高浓度氧疗,补氧期间可使气胸重吸收速率提升 4 倍。[56]Northfield TC. Oxygen therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax. BMJ. 1971;4:86-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1799310/pdf/brmedj02670-0034.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4938315?tool=bestpractice.com
若气胸范围较大,应采取经皮穿刺抽气法。这可通过在胸膜间隙的锁骨中线和第二或第三肋间的交叉口置入静脉导管完成。可使用大的注射器抽出胸膜间隙的空气。必须注意,不要让空气通过导管进入胸膜间隙。将注射器从导管中分离时,指导患者进行呼气可阻止该事件发生。导管上加一个开关能很好地封住胸膜间隙,当抽出注射器时阻止空气进入。不能再抽出任何空气时,应取出导管并进行胸部 X 线检查。原发性自发性气胸的穿刺抽气法通常和管状胸廓造口术同样有效和安全。通常此操作可在急诊室完成,无需住院。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Zehtabchi S, Rios CL. Management of emergency department patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax: needle aspiration or tube thoracostomy? Ann Emerg Med. 2008;51:91-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166436?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Havelock T, Teoh R, Laws D, et al. Pleural procedures and thoracic ultrasound: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii61-ii76.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/i61.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696688?tool=bestpractice.com
在 50 岁以上的患者中,细针穿刺成功的可能性较低。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 出现这种情况在很大程度上是因为这个年龄组的患者存在未发现的基础肺部疾病。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,对于 50 岁以上的患者或有明确吸烟史的患者,应假定其患有基础呼吸系统疾病予以治疗(即视为继发性自发性气胸治疗)。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com
若穿刺抽气法无效,应在胸膜间隙插入胸管或小口径导管。可将小口径导管连到单向翼形阀,并且通常无需负压吸气装置。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:321-335.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/46/2/321.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113675?tool=bestpractice.com
采用 Seldinger 技术插入肋间引流管的动画演示
如果持续漏气且 48 小时后引流管继续冒泡,可考虑对患者进行负压抽吸(高容低压系统)来治疗气胸。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然没有证据支持在气胸治疗中常规应用吸气设备,但在上述特定患者中,吸气设备被认为有助于引起内脏和胸膜壁层并置,从而有助于消除漏气。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:321-335.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/46/2/321.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113675?tool=bestpractice.com 大部分吸气设备都有一个充满水的腔室,可通过它移出胸膜间隙中的空气。若引流中可见冒泡则可轻松确定存在持续漏气。
只有在气体持续泄漏或患者出现同侧气胸复发时才需要更进一步的干预。大部分情况下,采用胸膜固定术和视频辅助胸腔镜手术缝合漏气处是治疗首选。与原发性自发性气胸的开胸胸膜切除术相比,视频辅助胸腔镜手术可减少住院时间、减少镇痛用药需求。然而,视频辅助胸腔镜手术的复发率要高于开胸手术。[65]Vohra HA, Adamson L, Weeden DF. Does video-assisted thoracoscopic pleurectomy result in better outcomes than open pleurectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008;7:673-677.http://icvts.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/7/4/673http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18287119?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Barker A, Maratos EC, Edmonds L, et al. Recurrence rates of video-assisted thoracoscopic versus open surgery in the prevention of recurrent pneumothoraces: a systematic review of randomised and non-randomised trials. Lancet. 2007;370:329-335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17662881?tool=bestpractice.com
如果气体持续泄漏,可选择进行胸腔镜楔形切除术阻止漏气。该治疗方法常常与机械胸膜固定术一起施行,以防止气胸复发。然而,与仅进行楔形切除术相比,外加机械胸膜固定术似乎并不能降低复发率。[67]Min X, Huang Y, Yang Y, et al. Mechanical pleurodesis does not reduce recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:1790-1796.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25236367?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,接受楔形切除术和机械胸膜固定术的患者的术中出血及术后胸腔引流率更高。[67]Min X, Huang Y, Yang Y, et al. Mechanical pleurodesis does not reduce recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:1790-1796.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25236367?tool=bestpractice.com 有证据表明,相较于在楔形切除术后进行机械胸膜固定术,现已有证据显示使用可吸收纤维素网和纤维蛋白胶缝合线缝合脏层胸膜,后者效果与机械胸膜固定术相当,而且不存在相关的潜在并发症。[68]Lee S, Kim HR, Cho S, et al. Staple line coverage after bullectomy for primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a randomized trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98:2005-2011.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25443007?tool=bestpractice.com
继发性自发性气胸
继发性自发性气胸受累范围的大小与临床表现并无太大的相关性,因为临床表现主要取决于基础疾病的程度和患者的呼吸储备量。通常,与继发性自发性气胸有关的临床症状比与原发性自发性气胸有关的临床症状更为严重;因此,这些患者需要住院治疗。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 而且,有肺部疾病患者的复发率在某种程度上比原发性自发性气胸的复发率高。
采用 Seldinger 技术插入肋间引流管的动画演示
对于临床上病情稳定的继发性自发性气胸患者,当气胸体积太小 (<1 cm) 以至于无法安全插入胸管时,治疗应包括补充高浓度 (10 L/分) 氧气并密切观察。[56]Northfield TC. Oxygen therapy for spontaneous pneumothorax. BMJ. 1971;4:86-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1799310/pdf/brmedj02670-0034.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4938315?tool=bestpractice.com 对于慢性肺疾病和高碳酸呼吸衰竭(例如 COPD)的患者,应谨慎采用氧疗。
对于中等大小的 (1-2 cm) 气胸患者,可尝试进行细针穿刺。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,这种治疗方法在继发性自发性气胸患者中的成功率有限。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,如果细针穿刺未能明显减小气胸的大小 (<1 cm),应放置胸管或小口径导管。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com
如果气胸较大 (>2 cm),则需要在患者的胸膜间隙插入胸管或小口径导管,对气胸进行引流。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 大多数继发性自发性气胸患者需要使用胸管或小口径导管。
与原发性气胸一样,如果持续漏气且 48 小时后引流管继续冒泡,可考虑对患者进行负压吸气(高容低压系统)来治疗气胸。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com
如果上述治疗方法对气胸治疗无效,患者可能需要进行视频辅助胸腔镜手术缝合漏气处和胸膜固定术。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com 这种治疗方法比化学胸膜固定术更有效。然而,在继发性自发性气胸患者中,使用视频辅助胸腔镜手术的围手术期发病率和死亡率可能极高。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:868-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10727592?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Tschopp JM, Bintcliffe O, Astoul P, et al. ERS task force statement: diagnosis and treatment of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 2015;46:321-335.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/46/2/321.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113675?tool=bestpractice.com 考虑到视频辅助胸腔镜手术或开胸手术显著的发病率和死亡率风险,尤其是在患有严重肺部疾病的患者中,不论是由 COPD、囊性纤维化还是其他肺部疾病引起,均可尝试创伤性较小的方法。在非手术患者中,应进行化学或滑石粉胸膜固定术。
随后干预的主要目标为防止复发。通常情况下,胸管应维持原位,直至采取手术防止气胸复发。[22]MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J; BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(suppl 2):ii18-ii31.http://thorax.bmj.com/content/65/Suppl_2/ii18.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20696690?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:868-874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10727592?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Tschopp JM, Rami-Porta R, Noppen M, et al. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: state of the art. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:637-650.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/3/637.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946095?tool=bestpractice.com
对所有继发性自发性气胸的患者,都应考虑预防性治疗,同时还需对那些可能适合行肺移植的患者进行特殊考虑。在囊性纤维化或 α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症以及患有吸烟相关的 COPD 并考虑肺移植的年轻患者中,应避免使用视频辅助胸腔镜手术或胸膜内化学灌注的弥漫性胸膜固定术。在肺移植手术中,先前的弥漫性胸膜固定术会导致操作更加困难且切断面出血。在这类患者中,倾向于使用保守治疗方法和观察或者视频辅助胸腔镜手术(不伴直接机械性磨损法)。
月经性气胸
月经性气胸的紧急治疗方法与其他继发性自发性气胸的治疗方法类似。若气胸体积较小,应进行补氧。除氧疗外,大体积的气胸患者应进行经皮穿刺抽气或胸腔置管。
一些月经性气胸患者可能会发展成血胸,导致血气胸的发生,这是胸内子宫内膜异位症的一种并发症。胸膜间隙中的血需进行大口径胸腔置管引流。因为患有月经性气胸的患者一般比较年轻,且无基础肺实质疾病,可给予患者高浓度氧气治疗而不用担心高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭。
对月经性气胸的长期治疗方法是通过干扰卵巢分泌雌激素,抑制子宫内膜异位症。这可通过口服避孕药、促性腺激素释放激素类似物、孕激素和达那唑完成。只要抑制排卵和月经,大部分月经性气胸的患者不会复发。[69]Dotson RL, Peterson CM, Doucette RC, et al. Medical therapy for recurring catamenial pneumothorax following pleurodesis. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82:656-658.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8378002?tool=bestpractice.com
若患者不能服用排卵抑制药物,希望停止这项治疗以便怀孕,或未成功控制激素浓度,需考虑进行创伤性手术防止月经性气胸复发。可进行视频辅助胸腔镜手术或开胸手术。应检查胸膜内是否存在子宫内膜植入片,同时检查纵膈是否穿孔。应移除植入片并修复膈肌损伤。还应进行化学或机械的胸膜固定术,以防复发。
创伤性气胸
一线疗法包括经皮穿刺抽气法。若抽气失败或气胸范围较大,常需置入胸管。
血胸可能会伴随创伤性气胸和/或使其变得复杂。存在血胸时需置入胸管。若持续出血,为止血可能需扩大胸腔。
如果肺未能再次扩大或 72 小时后持续漏气,则患者可能需要进行视频辅助胸腔镜手术或开胸术。[41]Sharma A, Jindal P. Principles of diagnosis and management of traumatic pneumothorax. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2008;1:34-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561940?tool=bestpractice.com
采用 Seldinger 技术插入肋间引流管的动画演示