肥胖产妇更可能患有糖尿病或有巨大症婴儿。[12]Mollberg M, Hagberg H, Bager B, et al. High birthweight and shoulder dystocia: the strongest risk factors for obstetrical brachial plexus palsy in a Swedish population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Jul;84(7):654-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15954875?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Pundir J, Sinha P. Non-diabetic macrosomia: an obstetric dilemma. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Apr;29(3):200-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19358024?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Sibinski M, Synder M. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: risk factors and predictors [in Polish]. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2007 Nov-Dec;9(6):569-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18227748?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Gao SC, Chen L, Meng W, et al. A case-control study on the risk factors related to obstetric brachial plexus palsy [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Sep;26(9):676-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16471216?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Gosk J, Rutowski R. Analysis of risk factors for perinatal brachial plexus palsy [in Polish]. Ginekol Pol. 2005 Apr;76(4):270-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16013178?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Gudmundsson S, Henningsson AC, Lindqvist P. Correlation of birth injury with maternal height and birthweight. BJOG. 2005 Jun;112(6):764-7.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00545.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15924534?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Bar J, Dvir A, Hod M, et al. Brachial plexus injury and obstetrical risk factors. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Apr;73(1):21-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11336717?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Raio L, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetuses with a birth weight greater than 4500 g: an analysis of 3356 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003 Aug 15;109(2):160-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12860334?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Nassar AH, Usta IM, Khalil AM, et al. Fetal macrosomia (> or =4500 g): perinatal outcome of 231 cases according to the mode of delivery. J Perinatol. 2003 Mar;23(2):136-41.http://www.nature.com/jp/journal/v23/n2/full/7210877a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12673264?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Lima S, Chauleur C, Varlet MN, et al. Shoulder dystocia: a ten-year descriptive study in a level-III maternity unit [in French]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2009 Apr;37(4):300-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19375371?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Melendez J, Bhatia R, Callis L, et al. Severe shoulder dystocia leading to neonatal injury: a case control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009 Jan;279(1):47-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18491119?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Gherman RB, Chauhan S, Ouzounian JG, et al. Shoulder dystocia: the unpreventable obstetric emergency with empiric management guidelines. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;195(3):657-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16949396?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Gurewitsch ED, Johnson E, Hamzehzadeh S, et al. Risk factors for brachial plexus injury with and without shoulder dystocia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Feb;194(2):486-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16458651?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Allen RH. On the mechanical aspects of shoulder dystocia and birth injury. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Sep;50(3):607-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17762413?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Satpathy HK, Fleming A, Frey D, et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy. Postgrad Med. 2008 Sep 15;120(3):E01-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18824817?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Drews K, Nowocien G, et al. Obesity in pregnant women as a problem in obstetrics [in Polish]. Ginekol Pol. 2007 Mar;78(3):234-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17650907?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Berle P, Misselwitz B, Scharlau J. Maternal risks for newborn macrosomia, incidence of a shoulder dystocia and of damages of the plexus brachialis [in German]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2003 Jul-Aug;207(4):148-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14528418?tool=bestpractice.com 在肥胖产妇中,胎儿大小与盆骨比例预估将更为困难。