厄尔布氏麻痹

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder dystocia: green-top guideline no 42. March 2012 [internet publication].

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Shenaq SM, Bullocks JM, Dhillon G, et al. Management of infant brachial plexus injuries. Clin Plast Surg. 2005 Jan;32(1):79-98, ix.

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Waters PM. Update on management of pediatric brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005 Jul;14(4):233-44.

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Clarke HM, Curtis CG. An approach to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries. Hand Clin. 1995 Nov;11(4):563-80.

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Vuillermin C, Bauer AS. Boston Children's Hospital approach to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016 Jul;25(4):296-304.

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1.  Erb W. Uber eine eigentumliche lokalisation von lahmungen im plexusbrachialis. Naturhist Med Vehr Heidelberg Vehr. 1874;2:130-136.

2.  Klumpke A. Paralysies radiculaires du plexus brachial, paralysies radiculaires totales, paralysies radiculaires inferieures. De la participation des filets sympathiques oculo-pupillaires dans ces paralysies. Rev Med Paris. 1885;5:591-616.

3.  Terzis JK, Liberson WT, Levine R. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Hand Clin. 1986;2:773-786.

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4.  Narakas AO. Injuries to the brachial plexus. In: Bora FW, ed. The pediatric upper extremity: diagnosis and management. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1986:247-258.

5.  Desurkar A1, Mills K, Pitt M, et al. Congenital lower brachial plexus palsy due to cervical ribs. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011 Feb;53(2):188-90.

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6.  Tzou CH, Paternostro-Sluga T, Frey M, et al. Birth brachial plexus palsy caused by cervical rib. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2014 Jul;67(7):1004-5.

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7.  Foad SL, Mehlman CT, Ying J. The epidemiology of neonatal brachial plexus palsy in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Jun;90(6):1258-64.

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8.  Dawodu A, Sankaran-Kutty M, Rajan TV. Risk factors and prognosis for brachial plexus injury and clavicular fracture in neonates: a prospective analysis from the United Arab Emirates. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1997 Sep;17(3):195-200.

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9.  Backe B, Magnussen EB, Johansen OJ, et al. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a birth injury not explained by the known risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(10):1027-32.

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10.  Hudic I, Fatusic Z, Sinanovic O, et al. Intrapartum risk factors for brachial plexus palsy [in Bosnian]. Med Arh. 2007;61(1):43-6.

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11.  Mollberg M, Wennergren M, Bager B, et al. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a prospective study on risk factors related to manual assistance during the second stage of labor. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(2):198-204.

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12.  Mollberg M, Hagberg H, Bager B, et al. High birthweight and shoulder dystocia: the strongest risk factors for obstetrical brachial plexus palsy in a Swedish population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Jul;84(7):654-9.

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13.  Sherman D, Halamish-Shani T, Gershtansky Y, et al. Analysis of brachial plexus injuries reported to MRM [in Hebrew]. Harefuah. 2010 Feb;149(2):71-6, 126, 125.

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14.  Borna H, Rad SM, Borna S, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for birth trauma in Iran. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Jun;49(2):170-3.

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15.  Chauhan SP, Blackwell SB, Ananth CV, et al. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: incidence, prevalence, and temporal trends. Semin Perinatol. 2014 Jun;38(4):210-8.

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16.  MacKenzie IZ, Shah M, Lean K, et al. Management of shoulder dystocia: trends in incidence and maternal and neonatal morbidity. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Nov;110(5):1059-68.

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17.  Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Shoulder dystocia: green-top guideline no 42. March 2012 [internet publication].

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18.  Smith NC, Rowan P, Benson LJ, et al. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: outcome of absent biceps function at three months of age. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Oct;86-A(10):2163-70.

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19.  al-Qattan MM, Clarke HM, Curtis CG. Klumpke's birth palsy: does it really exist? J Hand Surg Br. 1995 Feb;20(1):19-23.

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20.  Pundir J, Sinha P. Non-diabetic macrosomia: an obstetric dilemma. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Apr;29(3):200-5.

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21.  Sibinski M, Synder M. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: risk factors and predictors [in Polish]. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2007 Nov-Dec;9(6):569-76.

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22.  Gao SC, Chen L, Meng W, et al. A case-control study on the risk factors related to obstetric brachial plexus palsy [in Chinese]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Sep;26(9):676-9.

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23.  Gosk J, Rutowski R. Analysis of risk factors for perinatal brachial plexus palsy [in Polish]. Ginekol Pol. 2005 Apr;76(4):270-6.

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24.  Gudmundsson S, Henningsson AC, Lindqvist P. Correlation of birth injury with maternal height and birthweight. BJOG. 2005 Jun;112(6):764-7.

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25.  Bar J, Dvir A, Hod M, et al. Brachial plexus injury and obstetrical risk factors. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2001 Apr;73(1):21-5.

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26.  Raio L, Ghezzi F, Di Naro E, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetuses with a birth weight greater than 4500 g: an analysis of 3356 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003 Aug 15;109(2):160-5.

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27.  Nassar AH, Usta IM, Khalil AM, et al. Fetal macrosomia (> or =4500 g): perinatal outcome of 231 cases according to the mode of delivery. J Perinatol. 2003 Mar;23(2):136-41.

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28.  Lima S, Chauleur C, Varlet MN, et al. Shoulder dystocia: a ten-year descriptive study in a level-III maternity unit [in French]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2009 Apr;37(4):300-6.

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29.  Melendez J, Bhatia R, Callis L, et al. Severe shoulder dystocia leading to neonatal injury: a case control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009 Jan;279(1):47-51.

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30.  Gherman RB, Chauhan S, Ouzounian JG, et al. Shoulder dystocia: the unpreventable obstetric emergency with empiric management guidelines. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;195(3):657-72.

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31.  Gurewitsch ED, Johnson E, Hamzehzadeh S, et al. Risk factors for brachial plexus injury with and without shoulder dystocia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Feb;194(2):486-92.

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32.  Allen RH. On the mechanical aspects of shoulder dystocia and birth injury. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Sep;50(3):607-23.

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33.  Mehta SH, Blackwell SC, Chadha R, et al. Shoulder dystocia and the next delivery: outcomes and management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007 Oct;20(10):729-33.

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34.  Torki M, Barton L, Miller DA,et al. Severe brachial plexus palsy in women without shoulder dystocia. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Sep;120(3):539-41.

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35.  Fadl HE, Ostlund IK, Magnuson AF, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes and time trends of gestational diabetes mellitus in Sweden from 1991 to 2003. Diabet Med. 2010 Apr;27(4):436-41.

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36.  Al-Qattan MM, El-Sayed AA, Al-Zahrani AY, et al. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy in newborn babies of diabetic and non-diabetic mothers. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2010 Jun;35(5):362-5.

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37.  Satpathy HK, Fleming A, Frey D, et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy. Postgrad Med. 2008 Sep 15;120(3):E01-9.

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38.  Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Drews K, Nowocien G, et al. Obesity in pregnant women as a problem in obstetrics [in Polish]. Ginekol Pol. 2007 Mar;78(3):234-8.

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39.  Berle P, Misselwitz B, Scharlau J. Maternal risks for newborn macrosomia, incidence of a shoulder dystocia and of damages of the plexus brachialis [in German]. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2003 Jul-Aug;207(4):148-52.

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40.  Al-Qattan MM. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy associated with breech delivery. Ann Plast Surg. 2003 Sep;51(3):257-64.

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41.  Geutjens G, Gilbert A, Helsen K. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy associated with breech delivery: a different pattern of injury. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Mar;78(2):303-6.

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42.  Weizsaecker K, Deaver JE, Cohen WR. Labour characteristics and neonatal Erb's palsy. BJOG. 2007 Aug;114(8):1003-9.

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43.  El-Sayed AA. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy following routine versus difficult deliveries. J Child Neurol. 2014 Jul;29(7):920-3.

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44.  Deaver JE, Cohen WR. An approach to the prediction of neonatal Erb palsy. J Perinat Med. 2009;37(2):150-5.

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45.  Chauhan SP, Christian B, Gherman RB, et al. Shoulder dystocia without versus with brachial plexus injury: a case-control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007 Apr;20(4):313-7.

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46.  Dyachenko A, Ciampi A, Fahey J, et al. Prediction of risk for shoulder dystocia with neonatal injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;195(6):1544-9.

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47.  Ouzounian JG, Gherman RB. Shoulder dystocia: are historic risk factors reliable predictors? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jun;192(6):1933-5.

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48.  Mehta SH, Blackwell SC, Hendler I, et al. Accuracy of estimated fetal weight in shoulder dystocia and neonatal birth injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jun;192(6):1877-80.

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49.  Doumouchtsis SK, Arulkumaran S. Is it possible to reduce obstetrical brachial plexus palsy by optimal management of shoulder dystocia? Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1205:135-43.

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50.  Lindqvist PG, Ajne G, Cooray C, et al. Identification of pregnancies at increased risk of brachial plexus birth palsy - the construction of a weighted risk score. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014 Feb;27(3):252-6

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51.  Ouzounian JG, Korst LM, Miller DA, et al. Brachial plexus palsy and shoulder dystocia: obstetric risk factors remain elusive. Am J Perinatol. 2013 Apr;30(4):303-7.

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52.  Okby R, Sheiner E. Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus paralysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Aug;286(2):333-6.

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53.  Parantainen J, Palomäki O, Talola N, et al. Clinical and sonographic risk factors and complications of shoulder dystocia - a case-control study with parity and gestational age matched controls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Jun;177:110-4.

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54.  Grobman WA1, Miller D, Burke C, et al. Outcomes associated with introduction of a shoulder dystocia protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Dec;205(6):513-7.

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55.  Hankins GD, Clark SM, Munn MB. Cesarean section on request at 39 weeks: impact on shoulder dystocia, fetal trauma, neonatal encephalopathy, and intrauterine fetal demise. Semin Perinatol. 2006 Oct;30(5):276-87.

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56.  Alexander JM, Leveno KJ, Hauth J, et al. Fetal injury associated with cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;108(4):885-90.

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57.  Iffy L, Pantages P. Erb's palsy after delivery by Cesarean section: a medico-legal key to a vexing problem. Med Law. 2005 Dec;24(4):655-61.

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58.  Rouse DJ, Owen J, Goldenberg RL, et al. The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound. JAMA. 1996 Nov 13;276(18):1480-6.

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59.  Magro-Malosso ER, Saccone G, Chen M, et al. Induction of labour for suspected macrosomia at term in non-diabetic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJOG. 2017 Feb;124(3):414-21.

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60.  Shenaq SM, Bullocks JM, Dhillon G, et al. Management of infant brachial plexus injuries. Clin Plast Surg. 2005 Jan;32(1):79-98, ix.

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61.  Waters PM. Update on management of pediatric brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005 Jul;14(4):233-44.

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62.  Clarke HM, Curtis CG. An approach to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries. Hand Clin. 1995 Nov;11(4):563-80.

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63.  Zafeiriou DI, Psychogiou K. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2008 Apr;38(4):235-42.

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64.  Bowerson M, Nelson VS, Yang LJ. Diaphragmatic paralysis associated with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Mar;42(3):234-6.

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65.  Moukoko D, Ezaki M, Wilkes D, et al. Posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Apr;86-A(4):787-93.

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66.  Michelow BJ, Clarke HM, Curtis CG, et al. The natural history of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994 Apr;93(4):675-80.

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67.  Curtis C, Stephens D, Clarke HM, et al. The active movement scale: an evaluative tool for infants with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2002 May;27(3):470-8.

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68.  Mallet J. Obstetrical paralysis of the brachial plexus. II. Therapeutics. Treatment of sequelae. Priority for the treatment of the shoulder. Method for the expression of results [in French]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1972;58:Suppl 1:166-8.

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69.  Bae DS, Waters PM, Zurakowski D. Reliability of three classification systems measuring active motion in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Sep;85-A(9):1733-8.

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70.  Epelman M, Navarro OM, Daneman A, et al. M-mode sonography of diaphragmatic motion: description of technique and experience in 278 pediatric patients. Pediatr Radiol. 2005 Jul;35(7):661-7.

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71.  Bauer AS, Lucas JF, Heyrani N, et al. Ultrasound screening for posterior shoulder dislocation in infants with persistent brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017 May 3;99(9):778-83.

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72.  Medina LS, Yaylali I, Zurakowski D, et al. Diagnostic performance of MRI and MR myelography in infants with a brachial plexus birth injury. Pediatr Radiol. 2006 Dec;36(12):1295-9.

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73.  Smith AB, Gupta N, Strober J, et al. Magnetic resonance neurography in children with birth-related brachial plexus injury. Pediatr Radiol. 2008 Feb;38(2):159-63.

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74.  Tse R, Nixon JN, Iyer RS, et al. The diagnostic value of CT myelography, MR myelography, and both in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Jul;35(7):1425-32.

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75.  Tse R, Nixon JN, Iyer RS, et al. The diagnostic value of CT myelography, MR myelography, and both in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Jul;35(7):1425-32.

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76.  Pitt M, Vredeveld JW. The role of electromyography in the management of obstetric brachial plexus palsies. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;57:272-9.

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77.  Kao JT, Sharma S, Curtis CG, et al. The role of the brachioradialis H reflex in the management and prognosis of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 2003 Mar;35(2):106-11.

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78.  Gilbert A. Repair of the brachial plexus in the obstetrical lesions of the newborn [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2008 Mar;15(3):330-3.

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79.  Talbert RJ, Michaud LJ, Mehlman CT, et al. EMG and MRI are independently related to shoulder external rotation function in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2011 Mar;31(2):194-204.

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80.  Wall LB, Mills JK, Leveno K, et al. Incidence and prognosis of neonatal brachial plexus palsy with and without clavicle fractures. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jun;123(6):1288-93.

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81.  Waters PM. Comparison of the natural history, the outcome of microsurgical repair, and the outcome of operative reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 May;81(5):649-59.

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82.  Iorio ML, Menashe SJ, Iyer RS, et al. Glenohumeral dysplasia following neonatal brachial plexus palsy: presentation and predictive features during infancy. J Hand Surg Am. 2015 Dec;40(12):2345-51.e1.

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83.  Reading BD, Laor T, Salisbury SR, et al. Quantification of humeral head deformity following neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Sep 19;94(18):e136(1-8).

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84.  Pearl ML, Batech M, van de Bunt F. Humeral retroversion in children with shoulder internal rotation contractures secondary to upper-trunk neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2016 Dec 7;98(23):1988-95.

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85.  Bauer AS, Shen PY, Nidecker AE, et al. Neonatal magnetic resonance imaging without sedation correlates with injury severity in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2017 May;42(5):335-43.

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86.  Shen PY, Nidecker AE, Neufeld EA, et al. Non-sedated rapid volumetric proton density MRI predicts neonatal brachial plexus birth palsy functional outcome. J Neuroimaging. 2017 Mar;27(2):248-54.

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87.  Somashekar DK, Di Pietro MA, Joseph JR, et al. Utility of ultrasound in noninvasive preoperative workup of neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Radiol. 2016 May;46(5):695-703.

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88.  Seddon HJ. A review of work on peripheral nerve injuries in Great Britain during World War II. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1948;108:160-168.

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89.  Vuillermin C, Bauer AS. Boston Children's Hospital approach to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2016 Jul;25(4):296-304.

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90.  Chang KW, Justice D, Chung KC, et al. A systematic review of evaluation methods for neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2013 Oct;12(4):395-405.

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91.  Belzberg AJ, Dorsi MJ, Storm PB, et al. Surgical repair of brachial plexus injury: a multinational survey of experienced peripheral nerve surgeons. J Neurosurg. 2004 Sep;101(3):365-76.

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92.  Brauer CA, Waters PM. An economic analysis of the timing of microsurgical reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 May;89(5):970-8.

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93.  Hale HB, Bae DS, Waters PM. Current concepts in the management of brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2010 Feb;35(2):322-31.

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94.  Borschel GH, Clarke HM. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Jul;124(1 Suppl):144e-155e.

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95.  Malessy MJ, Pondaag W. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy with neurotmesis of C5 and avulsion of C6: supraclavicular reconstruction strategies and outcome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 Oct 15;96(20):e174.

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96.  Vekris MD, Lykissas MG, Beris AE, et al. Management of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with early plexus microreconstruction and late muscle transfers. Microsurgery. 2008;28(4):252-61.

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97.  Gilbert A, Pivato G, Kheiralla T. Long-term results of primary repair of brachial plexus lesions in children. Microsurgery. 2006;26(4):334-42.

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98.  Birch R, Ahad N, Kono H, et al. Repair of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: results in 100 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Aug;87(8):1089-95.

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99.  Haerle M, Gilbert A. Management of complete obstetric brachial plexus lesions. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004 Mar-Apr;24(2):194-200.

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100.  Grossman JA. Early operative intervention for birth injuries to the brachial plexus. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2000 Mar;7(1):36-43.

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101.  Lin JC, Schwentker-Colizza A, Curtis CG, et al. Final results of grafting versus neurolysis in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Mar;123(3):939-48.

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102.  Strombeck C, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Forssberg H. Functional outcome at 5 years in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with and without microsurgical reconstruction. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Mar;42(3):148-57.

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103.  Nath RK, Liu X. Nerve reconstruction in patients with obstetric brachial plexus injury results in worsening of glenohumeral deformity: a case-control study of 75 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009 May;91(5):649-54.

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104.  Soldado F, Fontecha CG, Marotta M, et al. The role of muscle imbalance in the pathogenesis of shoulder contracture after neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a study in a rat model. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Jul;23(7):1003-9.

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105.  Mascarenhas VV, Casaccia M, Fernandez-Martin A, et al. The role of subscapularis muscle denervation in the pathogenesis of shoulder internal rotation contracture after neonatal brachial plexus palsy: a study in a rat model. J Orthop Res. 2014 Dec;32(12):1675-9.

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106.  Waters PM, Bae DS. The early effects of tendon transfers and open capsulorrhaphy on glenohumeral deformity in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Oct;90(10):2171-9.

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107.  van Kooten EO, Fortuin S, Winters HA, et al. Results of latissimus dorsi transfer in obstetrical brachial plexus injury. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2008 Sep;12(3):195-9.

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108.  Waters PM, Bae DS. Effect of tendon transfers and extra-articular soft-tissue balancing on glenohumeral development in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Feb;87(2):320-5.

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109.  Pagnotta A, Haerle M, Gilbert A. Long-term results on abduction and external rotation of the shoulder after latissimus dorsi transfer for sequelae of obstetric palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Sep;(426):199-205.

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110.  Hoffer MM, Wickenden R, Roper B. Brachial plexus birth palsies: results of tendon transfers to the rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 Jul;60(5):691-5.

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111.  Louden EJ, Broering CA, Mehlman CT, et al. Meta-analysis of function after secondary shoulder surgery in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013 Sep;33(6):656-63.

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112.  Pearl ML, Edgerton BW, Kazimiroff PA, et al. Arthroscopic release and latissimus dorsi transfer for shoulder internal rotation contractures and glenohumeral deformity secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Mar;88(3):564-74.

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113.  Pearl ML. Arthroscopic release of shoulder contracture secondary to birth palsy: an early report on findings and surgical technique. Arthroscopy. 2003 Jul-Aug;19(6):577-82.

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114.  Pedowitz DI, Gibson B, Williams GR, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of posterior glenohumeral joint subluxation resulting from brachial plexus birth palsy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007 Jan-Feb;16(1):6-13.

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115.  Kozin SH, Boardman MJ, Chafetz RS, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of internal rotation contracture and glenohumeral dysplasia in children with brachial plexus birth palsy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010 Jan;19(1):102-10.

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116.  Waters PM, Bae DS. The effect of derotational humeral osteotomy on global shoulder function in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 May;88(5):1035-42.

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117.  Ruhmann O, Gosse F, Schmolke S, et al. Osteotomy of the humerus to improve external rotation in nine patients with brachial plexus palsy. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2002;36(6):349-55.

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118.  Abzug JM, Chafetz RS, Gaughan JP, et al. Shoulder function after medial approach and derotational humeral osteotomy in patients with brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2010 Jul-Aug;30(5):469-74.

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119.  Duclos L, Gilbert A. Restoration of wrist extension by tendon transfer in cases of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Ann Chir Main Memb Super. 1999;18(1):7-12.

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120.  Wilson TJ, Chang KWC, Yang LJS. Prediction algorithm for surgical intervention in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Neurosurgery. 2017 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print]

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121.  Noaman HH. Anterior shoulder release and tendon transfer as 1-stage procedure for treatment of internal rotation contracture deformity in obstetric brachial plexus injuries. Ann Plast Surg. 2013 Nov;71(5):510-8.

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