凭借当下产科学现状,无法做到预防,[9]Backe B, Magnussen EB, Johansen OJ, et al. Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a birth injury not explained by the known risk factors. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87(10):1027-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18798052?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Deaver JE, Cohen WR. An approach to the prediction of neonatal Erb palsy. J Perinat Med. 2009;37(2):150-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18976046?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Chauhan SP, Christian B, Gherman RB, et al. Shoulder dystocia without versus with brachial plexus injury: a case-control study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007 Apr;20(4):313-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17437239?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Dyachenko A, Ciampi A, Fahey J, et al. Prediction of risk for shoulder dystocia with neonatal injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;195(6):1544-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846585?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Ouzounian JG, Gherman RB. Shoulder dystocia: are historic risk factors reliable predictors? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jun;192(6):1933-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15970854?tool=bestpractice.com[48]Mehta SH, Blackwell SC, Hendler I, et al. Accuracy of estimated fetal weight in shoulder dystocia and neonatal birth injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Jun;192(6):1877-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15970839?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Doumouchtsis SK, Arulkumaran S. Is it possible to reduce obstetrical brachial plexus palsy by optimal management of shoulder dystocia? Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1205:135-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20840265?tool=bestpractice.com但一些中心已开始研究风险评分,并已显示出早期前景。[50]Lindqvist PG, Ajne G, Cooray C, et al. Identification of pregnancies at increased risk of brachial plexus birth palsy - the construction of a weighted risk score. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014 Feb;27(3):252-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718806?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管产科医疗已经取得诸多进展,但肩难产并不能被可靠预测,仍然是一种可能对母亲或孩子造成严重后遗症的急症。[7]Foad SL, Mehlman CT, Ying J. The epidemiology of neonatal brachial plexus palsy in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Jun;90(6):1258-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18519319?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Mollberg M, Hagberg H, Bager B, et al. High birthweight and shoulder dystocia: the strongest risk factors for obstetrical brachial plexus palsy in a Swedish population-based study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005 Jul;84(7):654-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15954875?tool=bestpractice.com[16]MacKenzie IZ, Shah M, Lean K, et al. Management of shoulder dystocia: trends in incidence and maternal and neonatal morbidity. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Nov;110(5):1059-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17978120?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Ouzounian JG, Korst LM, Miller DA, et al. Brachial plexus palsy and shoulder dystocia: obstetric risk factors remain elusive. Am J Perinatol. 2013 Apr;30(4):303-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22898994?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Okby R, Sheiner E. Risk factors for neonatal brachial plexus paralysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Aug;286(2):333-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22437188?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Parantainen J, Palomäki O, Talola N, et al. Clinical and sonographic risk factors and complications of shoulder dystocia - a case-control study with parity and gestational age matched controls. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Jun;177:110-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784709?tool=bestpractice.com研究表明,制定肩难产处理预案,并在待产室和产房内模拟肩难产分娩,可以减少但不能完全避免新生儿臂丛神经损伤 (BPBP) 的发生。[54]Grobman WA1, Miller D, Burke C, et al. Outcomes associated with introduction of a shoulder dystocia protocol. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Dec;205(6):513-7.http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(11)00595-3/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21703592?tool=bestpractice.com
如果感觉到 BPBP 的风险高,可以考虑剖宫产,但为了降低 BPBP 发生率可能已经实施了很多不必要的剖宫产,且剖宫产并不能完全消除风险。[55]Hankins GD, Clark SM, Munn MB. Cesarean section on request at 39 weeks: impact on shoulder dystocia, fetal trauma, neonatal encephalopathy, and intrauterine fetal demise. Semin Perinatol. 2006 Oct;30(5):276-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17011400?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Alexander JM, Leveno KJ, Hauth J, et al. Fetal injury associated with cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;108(4):885-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012450?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Iffy L, Pantages P. Erb's palsy after delivery by Cesarean section: a medico-legal key to a vexing problem. Med Law. 2005 Dec;24(4):655-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16440860?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Rouse DJ, Owen J, Goldenberg RL, et al. The effectiveness and costs of elective cesarean delivery for fetal macrosomia diagnosed by ultrasound. JAMA. 1996 Nov 13;276(18):1480-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8903259?tool=bestpractice.com在疑似巨大儿的情况下进行引产已被证明可降低新生儿骨折的风险,但不能减少 BPBP。[59]Magro-Malosso ER, Saccone G, Chen M, et al. Induction of labour for suspected macrosomia at term in non-diabetic women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJOG. 2017 Feb;124(3):414-21.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1471-0528.14435/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27921380?tool=bestpractice.com