神经重构手术与在分娩性臂丛神经损伤(BPBP)有关的最具争议性的主题。[60]Shenaq SM, Bullocks JM, Dhillon G, et al. Management of infant brachial plexus injuries. Clin Plast Surg. 2005 Jan;32(1):79-98, ix.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15636767?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Waters PM. Update on management of pediatric brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005 Jul;14(4):233-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15931025?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Clarke HM, Curtis CG. An approach to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries. Hand Clin. 1995 Nov;11(4):563-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8567739?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Zafeiriou DI, Psychogiou K. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2008 Apr;38(4):235-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18358400?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Belzberg AJ, Dorsi MJ, Storm PB, et al. Surgical repair of brachial plexus injury: a multinational survey of experienced peripheral nerve surgeons. J Neurosurg. 2004 Sep;101(3):365-76.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15352592?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Brauer CA, Waters PM. An economic analysis of the timing of microsurgical reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 May;89(5):970-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473133?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Hale HB, Bae DS, Waters PM. Current concepts in the management of brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2010 Feb;35(2):322-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141905?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Borschel GH, Clarke HM. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Jul;124(1 Suppl):144e-155e.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568147?tool=bestpractice.com
特定的例子明确要求进行手术干预(如,神经根撕裂或完全破裂,且无有效功能好转)。[60]Shenaq SM, Bullocks JM, Dhillon G, et al. Management of infant brachial plexus injuries. Clin Plast Surg. 2005 Jan;32(1):79-98, ix.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15636767?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Waters PM. Update on management of pediatric brachial plexus palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2005 Jul;14(4):233-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15931025?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Clarke HM, Curtis CG. An approach to obstetrical brachial plexus injuries. Hand Clin. 1995 Nov;11(4):563-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8567739?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Zafeiriou DI, Psychogiou K. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2008 Apr;38(4):235-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18358400?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Hale HB, Bae DS, Waters PM. Current concepts in the management of brachial plexus birth palsy. J Hand Surg Am. 2010 Feb;35(2):322-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141905?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Borschel GH, Clarke HM. Obstetrical brachial plexus palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009 Jul;124(1 Suppl):144e-155e.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568147?tool=bestpractice.com
一些研究者建议,若患者未呈现出二头肌或肩功能有效好转,则在3个月时进行早期手术(神经移植术而非神经松解术)。 [78]Gilbert A. Repair of the brachial plexus in the obstetrical lesions of the newborn [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2008 Mar;15(3):330-3.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18313907?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Vekris MD, Lykissas MG, Beris AE, et al. Management of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with early plexus microreconstruction and late muscle transfers. Microsurgery. 2008;28(4):252-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381657?tool=bestpractice.com[97]Gilbert A, Pivato G, Kheiralla T. Long-term results of primary repair of brachial plexus lesions in children. Microsurgery. 2006;26(4):334-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16634084?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Birch R, Ahad N, Kono H, et al. Repair of obstetric brachial plexus palsy: results in 100 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Aug;87(8):1089-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049245?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Haerle M, Gilbert A. Management of complete obstetric brachial plexus lesions. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004 Mar-Apr;24(2):194-200.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15076607?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Grossman JA. Early operative intervention for birth injuries to the brachial plexus. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2000 Mar;7(1):36-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10749512?tool=bestpractice.com
但是,在3个月之后自然恢复仍在持续,证实在无神经重建手术的情况下仍然会有良好的功能结果。[18]Smith NC, Rowan P, Benson LJ, et al. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: outcome of absent biceps function at three months of age. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Oct;86-A(10):2163-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466724?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Waters PM. Comparison of the natural history, the outcome of microsurgical repair, and the outcome of operative reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 May;81(5):649-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10360693?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Strombeck C, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Forssberg H. Functional outcome at 5 years in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with and without microsurgical reconstruction. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Mar;42(3):148-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00062.x/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755453?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Nath RK, Liu X. Nerve reconstruction in patients with obstetric brachial plexus injury results in worsening of glenohumeral deformity: a case-control study of 75 patients. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009 May;91(5):649-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407301?tool=bestpractice.com
目前无标准化治疗建议。 决策取决于患者恢复情况以及主治医师的专业意见和经验。 总体而言,直至3个月大时仍未完全恢复的儿童可能存在一些需进行持续治疗的遗留损伤。[18]Smith NC, Rowan P, Benson LJ, et al. Neonatal brachial plexus palsy: outcome of absent biceps function at three months of age. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Oct;86-A(10):2163-70.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15466724?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Waters PM. Comparison of the natural history, the outcome of microsurgical repair, and the outcome of operative reconstruction in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 May;81(5):649-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10360693?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Strombeck C, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Forssberg H. Functional outcome at 5 years in children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy with and without microsurgical reconstruction. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Mar;42(3):148-57.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00062.x/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755453?tool=bestpractice.com正在研究预测方案,以确定哪些儿童将从早期手术神经重建中获益。[120]Wilson TJ, Chang KWC, Yang LJS. Prediction algorithm for surgical intervention in neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Neurosurgery. 2017 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28419287?tool=bestpractice.com
手术后应继续物理治疗。