性发育障碍 (DSD) 的总体发病率估计为 1.7%,但这包括出生时通常未表现出外阴性别不明的疾病,例如 Turner 综合征、Klinefelter 综合征和完全雄激素不敏感综合征。[3]Blackless M, Charuvastra A, Derryck A, et al. How sexually dimorphic are we?: review and synthesis. Am J Hum Biol. 2000 Mar;12(2):151-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11534012?tool=bestpractice.com 出生时表现为模糊生殖器的 DSD 的发病率估计为 0.018%(即每 10,000 个活产婴儿中有 1.8 个患儿)。[4]Sax L. How common is intersex?: a response to Anne Fausto-Sterling. J Sex Res. 2002 Aug;39(3):174-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12476264?tool=bestpractice.com 46, XY DSD 的发病率估计为每 20,000 个活产男婴中有 1 例。[5]Morel Y, Rey R, Teinturier C, et al. Aetiological diagnosis of male sex ambiguity: a collaborative study. Eur J Pediatr. 2002 Jan;161(1):49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11808880?tool=bestpractice.com 在单侧或双侧性腺不可触及且有尿道下裂的婴儿中,多达 50% 的婴儿有潜在的遗传原因。[6]Kaefer M, Diamond D, Hendren WH, et al. The incidence of intersexuality in children with cryptorchidism and hypospadias: stratification based on gonadal palpability and meatal position. J Urol. 1999 Sep;162(3 Pt 2):1003-6;http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10458421?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项研究中,52%的患者患有 46, XY DSD,35%患有 46, XX DSD,14%具有性腺发育障碍。[7]Siklar Z, Berberoglu M, Adiyaman P, et al. Disorders of gonadal development: a broad clinical, cytogenetic and histopathologic spectrum. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2007 Mar;4(3):210-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551482?tool=bestpractice.com 总的来说,在 46,XY DSD 患者中,不到 50% 的患者获得了基因诊断。[5]Morel Y, Rey R, Teinturier C, et al. Aetiological diagnosis of male sex ambiguity: a collaborative study. Eur J Pediatr. 2002 Jan;161(1):49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11808880?tool=bestpractice.com 与此不同,在 46,XX DSD 患者中,典型先天性肾上腺皮质增生症占 95% 以上。