感染可由定植部位的细菌直接扩散导致,也可由远处的菌血症性种植导致。这通常只会发生在有可识别危险因素(即年幼或高龄、妊娠、糖尿病、免疫力低下或者有植入性血管内装置或导尿管)的患者中。[11]Farley MM. Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:556-561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11462195?tool=bestpractice.com
早发型新生儿感染由出生前羊水感染引起,与 Ia、II、III 和 V 型血清型有关。[13]Herbert MA, Beveridge CJ, Saunders NJ. Bacterial virulence factors in neonatal sepsis: group B streptococci. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004;17:225-229.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166825?tool=bestpractice.com如果母体 B族链球菌大量定植、胎膜早破、产妇生产时发热或者产妇和婴儿的血清型特异性抗体水平低,则早产儿更有可能发生早发型新生儿感染。[14]Baker CJ, Kasper DL. Correlation of maternal antibody deficiency with susceptibility to neonatal infection with GBS. N Engl J Med. 1976;294:753-756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/768760?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Lin FYC, Weisman LE, Azimi PH, et al. Level of maternal IgG anti-group B streptococcus type III antibody correlated with protection of neonates against early-onset disease caused by this pathogen. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:928-934.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15295698?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Lin FYC, Phillips JB, Azimi PH, et al. Level of maternal antibody required to protect neonates against early-onset disease caused by type Ia group B streptococcus; a seroepidemiology study. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:1022-1028.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11574917?tool=bestpractice.com新生儿误吸羊水会导致呼吸道感染。本组最常见的感染是脑膜炎、脓毒症、尿路感染和肺炎。
晚发型新生儿感染的病因是产后细菌定植;因此,产科并发症不是危险因素。本组最常见的感染是病灶不明的脓毒症和脑膜炎。晚发型感染中脑膜炎的比例高于早发型感染中的比例 (19%:6%),[17]Schuchat A, Oxtoby M, Sikes S, et al. Population-based risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease: results of a cohort study in metropolitan Atlanta. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:672-677.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2201741?tool=bestpractice.com反映更高比例的疾病由 III 型血清型引起 (71%:30%)。[18]Blumberg HM, Stephens DS, Modansky M, et al. Invasive group B streptococcal disease: the emergence of serotype V. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:365-373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8568297?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童感染已得到深入研究。在 90 天至 1 岁的儿童中,基础疾病(早产除外)不常见,仅见于 11% 的病例。[2]Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008;229:2056-2065.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2056http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460666?tool=bestpractice.com在 1-14 岁的儿童中,44%的病例有基础疾病(早产除外)。[2]Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008;229:2056-2065.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2056http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460666?tool=bestpractice.com神经系统疾病 (25%)、免疫抑制 (23%)、哮喘 (23%)、恶性肿瘤 (15%) 和肾脏疾病 (13%) 是最常见的病因。本组中最常见的感染是病灶不明的脓毒症、脑膜炎、肺炎、化脓性关节炎和腹膜炎。[2]Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008;229:2056-2065.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2056http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460666?tool=bestpractice.com
在成人中,感染通常与妊娠或使感染易于发生的共存疾病(例如糖尿病、神经系统损伤和肝硬化)有关。[11]Farley MM. Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:556-561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11462195?tool=bestpractice.com医疗机构相关的感染(即入院 72 小时后获得的感染)通常与其他共存疾病、置管术、插管术和意识障碍程度有关。[19]Farley MM, Harvey C, Stull T, et al. A population-based assessment of invasive disease due to group B streptococcus in non-pregnant adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1807-1811.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199306243282503#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8502269?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Jackson LA, Hilsdon R, Farley MM, et al. Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in adults. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:415-420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7639440?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Verghese A, Mireault K, Arbeit RD. Group B streptococcal bacteremia in men. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:912-917.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3541125?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Opal SM, Cross A, Palmer M, et al. Group B streptococcal sepsis in adults and infants. Contrasts and comparisons. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:641-645.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3277572?tool=bestpractice.com本组孕妇中最常见的感染是尿路感染、绒毛膜羊膜炎、产后脓毒症、子宫内膜炎和伤口感染。[9]Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, et al. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease - revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR. 2010;59:1-36.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5910a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21088663?tool=bestpractice.com在本组非妊娠成人中,最常见的感染是病灶不明的脓毒症、皮肤和软组织感染、脑膜炎和尿路感染。在非妊娠成人中,不太常见的感染包括化脓性关节炎、肺炎、结膜炎、鼻窦炎、中耳炎和腹腔内感染。