B 族链球菌 (GBS) 带菌率随年龄和种族而异。[4]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: a public health perspective. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1996;45:1-24.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00043277.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8637497?tool=bestpractice.com每个年龄组黑人的发病率都至少是白人的 1.5 倍。[2]Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008;229:2056-2065.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2056http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460666?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,15%-40% 的孕妇被分离出 B族链球菌,[5]Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Guidelines for prevention of group B streptococcal (GBS) infection by chemoprophylaxis. Pediatrics. 1992;90:775-778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1408555?tool=bestpractice.com有 B族链球菌定植的产妇所生的婴儿中,50% 会发生细菌定植,其中 1%-2% 的婴儿会发生侵袭性感染。[5]Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Guidelines for prevention of group B streptococcal (GBS) infection by chemoprophylaxis. Pediatrics. 1992;90:775-778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1408555?tool=bestpractice.com
全球侵袭性感染率差异很大,近年来美国的感染率有所降低。从 1999 年至 2005 年,早发(分娩后 0-6 天)的侵袭性感染率为 0.35/1000 活产儿,晚发(分娩后 7-89 天)的侵袭性感染率为 0.33/1000 活产儿。[2]Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008;229:2056-2065.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2056http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460666?tool=bestpractice.com但是,2014 年一项基于美国数据的年度监测报告指出,据估计,早发型感染率降低至 0.24/1000 活产儿,晚发型感染率降低至 0.27/1000 活产儿。5-17 岁儿童的感染率约为 0.16/100,000 人,是所有年龄组中最低的。[6]National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) report: emerging infections program network - group B streptococcus, provisional 2015. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 18 September 2017).https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/gbs15.html
相比之下,近 20 年英国地区所报告的新生儿 GBS 感染率有所增加,并且总体患病率在上升。监测数据分析表明,早发型感染率从 0.28 例/1000 活产儿(2008 年)增长至 0.41 例/1000 活产儿(2010 年),而晚发型感染率从 0.11 例/1000 活产儿(1991 年)增长至 0.29 例/1000 活产儿(2010 年)。[7]Lamagni TL, Keshishian C, Efstratiou A, et al. Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in England and Wales, 1991-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:682-688.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/5/682.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845950?tool=bestpractice.com在某种程度上,这一结论可能会受到全国报告率上升和强制性监测的混淆。晚发型疾病的感染率上升可能与处于风险中的早产儿数量增加有关,并且与芬兰、荷兰、挪威和美国所报告的感染率大致相近。不同的早发型感染率可能反映出不同的预防策略;自从二十世纪九十年代开始实施产时 GBS 抗生素预防治疗后,美国的早发型 GBS 感染率下降了 80%。[8]Schrag SJ, Zell ER, Lynfield R, et al. A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:233-239.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa020205#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12140298?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, et al. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease - revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR. 2010;59:1-36.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5910a1.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21088663?tool=bestpractice.com还注意到美国和挪威的成人疾病感染率有所增加。[7]Lamagni TL, Keshishian C, Efstratiou A, et al. Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in England and Wales, 1991-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:682-688.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/5/682.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845950?tool=bestpractice.com
在早发型和晚发型疾病的感染率方面,黑人婴儿和白人婴儿存在持续性差异。2014 年美国监测报告指出,据估计,黑人婴儿和白人婴儿的早发型疾病感染率分别为 0.54/1000 活产儿和 0.18/1000 活产儿,晚发型疾病感染率则分别为 0.72/1000 活产儿和 0.18/1000 活产儿。[6]National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) report: emerging infections program network - group B streptococcus, provisional 2015. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 18 September 2017).https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/gbs15.html
非妊娠成人的侵袭性感染率存在显著不同,[2]Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008;229:2056-2065.http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/299/17/2056http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460666?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Johri AK, Paoletti LC, Glasser P, et al. Group B streptococcus: global incidence and vaccine development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4:932-942.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17088932?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,约占侵袭性 GBS 感染的三分之二。[11]Farley MM. Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:556-561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11462195?tool=bestpractice.com所有年龄成人的定植率近似,但 65 岁以上人群的病情更重。[11]Farley MM. Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:556-561.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11462195?tool=bestpractice.com与近年来美国的新生儿感染率出现下降相反,1995-2012 年加利福尼亚州根据基于人口的主动监测发现,成人 GBS 感染率从 5.8/100,000 人增加至 8.3/100,000 人。[12]Smith EM, Khan MA, Reingold A, et al. Group B streptococcus infections of soft tissue and bone in California adults, 1995-2012. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:3343-3350.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26418351?tool=bestpractice.com