B族链球菌感染

National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) report: emerging infections program network - group B streptococcus, provisional 2015. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 18 September 2017).

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Lamagni TL, Keshishian C, Efstratiou A, et al. Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in England and Wales, 1991-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:682-688.

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Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, et al. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease - revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR. 2010;59:1-36.

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Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The prevention of early onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. Green-top guideline no. 36. September 2017. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 september 2017).

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:1019-1027.

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Powers RJ, Wirtschafter D; Perinatal Quality Improvement Panel of the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative. Prevention of group B streptococcus early-onset disease: a toolkit by the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative. J Perinatol. 2010;30:77-87.

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Ohlsson A, Shah VS. Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD007467.

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1.  Edwards MS, Baker CJ. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th edition. London, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.

2.  Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley M, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA. 2008;229:2056-2065.

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3.  McDonald HM, Chambers HM. Intrauterine infection and spontaneous midgestation abortion. Is the spectrum of microorganisms similar to that in preterm labour? Infect Dis Obstet Genecol. 2000;8:220-227.

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4.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: a public health perspective. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1996;45:1-24.

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5.  Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Guidelines for prevention of group B streptococcal (GBS) infection by chemoprophylaxis. Pediatrics. 1992;90:775-778.

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6.  National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Active bacterial core surveillance (ABCs) report: emerging infections program network - group B streptococcus, provisional 2015. http://www.cdc.gov (last accessed 18 September 2017).

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7.  Lamagni TL, Keshishian C, Efstratiou A, et al. Emerging trends in the epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in England and Wales, 1991-2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:682-688.

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8.  Schrag SJ, Zell ER, Lynfield R, et al. A population-based comparison of strategies to prevent early-onset group B streptococcal disease in neonates. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:233-239.

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9.  Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, et al. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease - revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR. 2010;59:1-36.

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10.  Johri AK, Paoletti LC, Glasser P, et al. Group B streptococcus: global incidence and vaccine development. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2006;4:932-942.

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11.  Farley MM. Group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:556-561.

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12.  Smith EM, Khan MA, Reingold A, et al. Group B streptococcus infections of soft tissue and bone in California adults, 1995-2012. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143:3343-3350.

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13.  Herbert MA, Beveridge CJ, Saunders NJ. Bacterial virulence factors in neonatal sepsis: group B streptococci. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004;17:225-229.

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14.  Baker CJ, Kasper DL. Correlation of maternal antibody deficiency with susceptibility to neonatal infection with GBS. N Engl J Med. 1976;294:753-756.

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15.  Lin FYC, Weisman LE, Azimi PH, et al. Level of maternal IgG anti-group B streptococcus type III antibody correlated with protection of neonates against early-onset disease caused by this pathogen. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:928-934.

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16.  Lin FYC, Phillips JB, Azimi PH, et al. Level of maternal antibody required to protect neonates against early-onset disease caused by type Ia group B streptococcus; a seroepidemiology study. J Infect Dis. 2001;184:1022-1028.

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17.  Schuchat A, Oxtoby M, Sikes S, et al. Population-based risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease: results of a cohort study in metropolitan Atlanta. J Infect Dis. 1990;162:672-677.

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18.  Blumberg HM, Stephens DS, Modansky M, et al. Invasive group B streptococcal disease: the emergence of serotype V. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:365-373.

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19.  Farley MM, Harvey C, Stull T, et al. A population-based assessment of invasive disease due to group B streptococcus in non-pregnant adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1807-1811.

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20.  Jackson LA, Hilsdon R, Farley MM, et al. Risk factors for group B streptococcal disease in adults. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:415-420.

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21.  Verghese A, Mireault K, Arbeit RD. Group B streptococcal bacteremia in men. Rev Infect Dis. 1986;8:912-917.

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22.  Opal SM, Cross A, Palmer M, et al. Group B streptococcal sepsis in adults and infants. Contrasts and comparisons. Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:641-645.

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23.  Schuchat A. Epidemiology of group B streptococcal disease in the United States: shifting paradigms. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11:497-513.

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24.  Schuchat A, Deaver-Robinson K, Plikaytis BD, et al. Multistate case-control study of maternal risk factors for neonatal group B streptococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:623-629.

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25.  Chen KT, Ringer S, Cohen AP, et al. The role of intrapartum fever in identifying asymptomatic term neonates with early-onset neonatal sepsis, J Perinatol. 2002;22:653-657.

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26.  Oddie S, Embleton ND. Risk factors for early onset neonatal group B streptococcal sepsis: case-control study. BMJ. 2002;325:208.

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27.  Carstensen H, Christensen KK, Grennert L, et al. Early-onset neonatal group b streptococcal septicaemia in siblings. J Infect. 1988;17:201-204.

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28.  Ancona RJ, Ferrieri P, Williams PP. Maternal factors that enhance the acquisition of group B streptococci by newborn infants. J Med Microbiol. 1980;13:273-280.

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29.  Allen VM, Yudin MH, Bouchard C, et al. Management of group B streptococcal bacteriuria in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2012;34:482-486.

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30.  Feikin DR, Thorsen P, Zywiki S, et al. Association between colonization with group B streptococci during pregnancy and preterm delivery amongst Danish Women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:427-433.

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31.  Zaleznik DF, Rench MA, Hillier S, et al. Invasive disease due to group B streptococcus in pregnant women and neonates from diverse population groups. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:276-281.

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32.  Edwards MS, Jackson CV, Baker CJ. Increased risk of group B streptococcal disease in Twins. JAMA. 1981;245:2044-2046.

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33.  Edwards MA, Baker CJ. Group B streptococcal infections in elderly adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:839-847.

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34.  Farley MM. Group B streptococcal infection in older patients. Spectrum of disease and management strategies Drugs Aging. 1995;6:293-300.

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35.  Munoz P, Llancaqueo A, Rodriguez-Creixems M, et al. Group B streptococcus bacteremia in nonpregnant adults. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:213-216.

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36.  Bayer AS, Chow AW, Anthony BF, et al. Serious infections in adults due to group B streptococci: clinical and serotypic characterization. Am J Med. 1976;61:498-502.

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37.  Henning KJ, Hall EL, Dwyer DM, et al. Invasive group B streptococcal disease in Maryland nursing home residents. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:1138-1142.

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38.  Perovic O, Crewe-Brown HH, Khoosal M, et al. Invasive group B streptococcal disease in nonpregnant adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;18:362-364.

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39.  Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The prevention of early onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. Green-top guideline no. 36. September 2017. http://www.rcog.org.uk/ (last accessed 18 september 2017).

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40.  American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:1019-1027.

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41.  Powers RJ, Wirtschafter D; Perinatal Quality Improvement Panel of the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative. Prevention of group B streptococcus early-onset disease: a toolkit by the California Perinatal Quality Care Collaborative. J Perinatol. 2010;30:77-87.

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42.  Ohlsson A, Shah VS. Intrapartum antibiotics for known maternal Group B streptococcal colonization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD007467.

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43.  Ohlsson A, Shah VS, Stade BC. Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD003520.

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44.  Cutland CL, Madhi SA, Zell ER, et al. Chlorhexidine maternal-vaginal and neonate body wipes in sepsis and vertical transmission of pathogenic bacteria in South Africa: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1909-1916.

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45.  Colbourn TE, Asseburg C, Bojke L, et al. Preventive strategies for group B streptococcal and other bacterial infections in early infancy: cost effectiveness and value of information analyses. BMJ. 2007;335:655.

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46.  Paredes A, Wong P, Mason EO, et al. Nocosomial transmission of group B streptococci in a newborn nursery. Pediatrics. 1977;59:679-682.

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47.  Ray B, Mangalore J, Harikumar C, et al. Is lumbar puncture necessary for the evaluation of early neonatal sepsis? Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:1033-1035.

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48.  Nolla JM, Gomez-Vaquero C, Corbella X, et al. Group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) pyogenic arthritis in nonpregnant adults. Medicine. 2003;82:119-128.

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49.  Honest H, Sharma S, Khan KS. Rapid tests for group B streptococcus colonization in laboring women: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1055-1066.

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50.  Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1267-1284.

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51.  Elliott TSJ, Foweraker J, Gould FK, et al. Guidelines for the antibiotic treatment of endocarditis in adults. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;43:971-981.

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52.  Yagupsky P, Menegus MA, Powell KR. The changing spectrum of group B streptococcal disease in infants: an eleven-year experience in a tertiary care hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991;10:801-808.

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53.  Taminato M, Fram D, Torloni MR, et al. Screening for group B streptococcus in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2011;19:1470-1478.

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54.  Larsen JW, Serve JL. Group B streptococcus and pregnancy: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:440-448.

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55.  Puopolo KM, Madoff LC, Eichenwald EC. Early-onset group B streptococcal disease in the era of maternal screening. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1240-1246.

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56.  Yancey MK, Schuchat A, Brown LK, et al. The accuracy of late antenatal screening cultures in predicting genital group B streptococcal colonization at delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:811-815.

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57.  Valkenburg-van den Berg AW, Houtman-Roelofsen RL, Oostvogel PM, et al. Timing of group B streptococcus screening in pregnancy: a systematic review. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2010;69:174-183.

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58.  Shah V, Ohlsson A; Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) infection in the newborn: systematic review and recommendations CTFPHC technical report 01-6. May 2001. http://www.canadiantaskforce.ca (last accessed 18 September 2017).

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59.  Colbourn T, Asseburg C, Bojke L, et al. Prenatal screening and treatment strategies to prevent group B streptococcal and other bacterial infections in early infancy: cost-effectiveness and expected value of information analyses. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11:1-226.

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60.  Daniels J, Gray J, Pattison H, et al. Rapid testing for group B streptococcus during labour: a test accuracy study with evaluation of acceptability and cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2009;13:1-178.

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61.  Kotarski J, Heczko PB, Lauterbach R, et al. Polish Gynecological Society's recommendations regarding diagnosis and prevention of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in pregnant women and newborns [in Polish]. Ginekol Pol. 2008;79:221-223.

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62.  Yudin MH, van Schalkwyk J, Van Eyk N, et al. Antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of the membranes. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2009;31:863-867, 868-874.

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63.  Queensland Health Statewide Maternity and Neonatal Clinical Guidelines Program. Early onset group B streptococcal disease. November 2010. http://www.health.qld.gov.au (last accessed 18 September 2017).

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64.  Committee on Infectious Diseases; Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Baker CJ, Byington CL, et al. Policy statement - recommendations for the prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal (GBS) disease. Pediatrics. 2011;128:611-616.

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65.  Money D, Allen VM; Society of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists of Canada. The prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35:939-951.

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66.  Van Dyke MK, Phares CR, Lynfield R, et al. Evaluation of universal antenatal screening for group B streptococcus. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2626-2636.

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67.  Public Health England. Standards for microbiology investigations. September 2014. https://www.gov.uk (last accessed 18 September 2017).

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68.  Price D, Shaw E, Howard M, et al. Self-sampling for group B streptococcus in women 35 to 37 weeks pregnant is accurate and acceptable: a randomized cross-over trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006;28:1083-1088.

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69.  Bergeron MG, Danbing KE, Menard C, et al. Rapid detection of group B streptococci in pregnant women at delivery. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:175-179.

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70.  Pichichero ME. A review of evidence supporting the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation for prescribing cephalosporin antibiotics for penicillin-allergic patients. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1048-1057.

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71.  Sambola A, Miro JM, Tornos MP, et al. Streptococcus agalactiae infective endocarditis: analysis of 30 cases and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34;1576-1584.

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72.  Harrison LH, Ali A, Dwyer DM, et al. Relapsing invasive group B streptococcal Infection in adults. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:421-427.

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73.  Wald ER, Bergman I, Taylor HG, et al. Long-term outcome of group B streptococcal meningitis. Pediatrics. 1986;7:217-221.

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74.  Holmstrom B, Grimsley EW. Necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock-like syndrome caused by group B streptococcus. South Med J. 2000;93:1096-1098.

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75.  Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: current concepts and review of the literature. Am Coll Surg. 2009;2:278-288.

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