息肉切除
所有患者均建议进行小肠监测。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com小肠梗阻是导致手术的主要原因之一,可以通过切除小肠息肉而使之降到最低。[12]Spigelman AD, Thomson JP, Phillips RK. Towards decreasing the relaparotomy rate in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: the role of peroperative small bowel endoscopy. Br J Surg. 1990 Mar;77(3):301-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2322793?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Oncel M, Remzi FH, Church JM, et al. Benefits of "clean sweep" in Peutz-Jegher's patients. Colorectal Dis. 2004 Sep;6(5):332-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335366?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Pennazio M, Rossini FP. Small bowel polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: management by combined push enteroscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000 Mar;51(3):304-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10699775?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Edwards DP, Khosraviani K, Stafferton R, et al. Long-term results of polyp clearance by intraoperative enteroscopy in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Jan;46(1):48-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12544521?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Lin BC, Lien JM, Chen RJ, et al. Combined endoscopic and surgical treatment for the polyposis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Surg Endosc. 2000 Dec;14(12):1185-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11148795?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Zanoni EC, Averbach M, Borges JL, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of intestinal intussusception in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003 Aug;13(4):280-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12960794?tool=bestpractice.com 一项回顾性研究建议常规筛查和切除胃肠道息肉,这样可以避免急诊手术。[27]Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: intriguing suggestion of gastrointestinal cancer prevention from surveillance. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Dec;54(12):1547-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22067184?tool=bestpractice.com
食管胃十二指肠镜 (oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, OGD) 是评估食管和胃的理想检查方法,但是胶囊内镜是监测十二指肠第三部以外息肉的首选无创方法。如果有症状的患者被发现上消化道息肉,或者无症状的患者通过胶囊内镜被发现大的息肉,则需要行息肉切除。这可以通过上消化道内镜或者单/双气囊小肠镜来实现,具体选择取决于息肉所在的位置。建议移除所有直径>0.5-1 cm 的息肉。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com 一种激进的诊断和切除全部小肠息肉的方法(清扫)能够延长后期手术的间期,并可以减少总的手术次数。[12]Spigelman AD, Thomson JP, Phillips RK. Towards decreasing the relaparotomy rate in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: the role of peroperative small bowel endoscopy. Br J Surg. 1990 Mar;77(3):301-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2322793?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Oncel M, Remzi FH, Church JM, et al. Benefits of "clean sweep" in Peutz-Jegher's patients. Colorectal Dis. 2004 Sep;6(5):332-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15335366?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Pennazio M, Rossini FP. Small bowel polyps in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: management by combined push enteroscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000 Mar;51(3):304-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10699775?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Edwards DP, Khosraviani K, Stafferton R, et al. Long-term results of polyp clearance by intraoperative enteroscopy in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum. 2003 Jan;46(1):48-50.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12544521?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Lin BC, Lien JM, Chen RJ, et al. Combined endoscopic and surgical treatment for the polyposis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Surg Endosc. 2000 Dec;14(12):1185-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11148795?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Zanoni EC, Averbach M, Borges JL, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of intestinal intussusception in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2003 Aug;13(4):280-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12960794?tool=bestpractice.com一项纳入 34 名小肠错构瘤性息肉患者的病例系列研究显示,在超过 80% 的受试者中,采用双气囊小肠镜取得了成功,并且具有可接受的安全性。[28]Gorospe EC, Alexander JA, Bruining DH, et al. Performance of double-balloon enteroscopy for the management of small bowel polyps in hamartomatous polyposis syndromes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Feb;28(2):268-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23190124?tool=bestpractice.com 这也是治疗结直肠息肉的一般方法。如果通过结肠镜可以很容易地清除所有的结直肠息肉,那么就应该采用该方法。另外,应移除所有中等或大的息肉(即,直径>0.5-1 cm 的所有息肉),[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com除非息肉负荷太大,在这种情况下,应考虑结肠切除术。支持结肠切除术的因素包括:息肉数目和大小迅速增加、大量息肉伴高级别不典型增生、息肉负荷引起症状、不能明确除外癌或不典型增生或有大量 10 mm 以上的息肉。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胶囊内镜可以发现小肠错构瘤息肉手稿来自Carol A.Burke医生,并经过了他的同意 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 小肠内的息肉样包块手稿来自James Church医生,并经过了他的同意。 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: PJS患者小肠有蒂错构瘤可见特征性的浆膜小凹。手稿来自James Church医生,并经过了他的同意。 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 术中内镜手稿来自James Church医生,并经过了他的同意。 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 采用“清扫”方式切除错构瘤息肉手稿来自James Church医生,并经过了他的同意。 [Citation ends].
后期监测
根据息肉负荷和发生胃肠道肿瘤的风险决定后期内镜监测的方案,主要根据内镜下息肉的外观、数目、大小和一些如年龄和家族史等因素来决定。 为了使梗阻、出血或肿瘤等并发症发生的风险降到最低,推荐患者进行监测。 对肿瘤发生率或死亡率监测的效用仍不明确。 没有前瞻性、随机试验评估PJS患者进行肿瘤监测、化学预防或预防性手术的有效性。 圣马克息肉注册机构报道了一项回顾性研究,该研究包含63名PJS患者,他们都进行了常规的胃肠道监测。[27]Latchford AR, Neale K, Phillips RK, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: intriguing suggestion of gastrointestinal cancer prevention from surveillance. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Dec;54(12):1547-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22067184?tool=bestpractice.com 患者接受了 637 次监测操作。在这个队列中,没有发现癌症,没有需要进行紧急手术的情况,操作所引起的并发症极少(1 例在推进式小肠镜下行息肉切除术后出现出血,2 例行内镜下息肉切除术后出现穿孔,2 例术中穿孔,1 例迟发出血)。实施 1 例开腹手术,但是没有发现小肠息肉。总体而言,为了处理并发症,需要实施 5 例开腹手术。他们的结论是进行胃肠道筛查是相对安全的,并且可以避免行急诊手术。
也要监测肠道外肿瘤,最好由一个多学科团队进行监测。 据估计,PJS患者发生各种肿瘤的终身风险最高可达93%。[1]Giardiello FM, Bresinger JD, Tersmette AC, et al. Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2000 Dec;119(6):1447-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11113065?tool=bestpractice.com 特异性肿瘤的终身风险分别为乳腺癌(50%)、胰腺癌(36%)、卵巢癌(21%)、非小细胞肺癌(15%)、宫颈癌(10%)和子宫癌(9%)。[1]Giardiello FM, Bresinger JD, Tersmette AC, et al. Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2000 Dec;119(6):1447-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11113065?tool=bestpractice.com 男性儿童和青少年,以及少量青年男性,也存在发生睾丸癌的风险。[1]Giardiello FM, Bresinger JD, Tersmette AC, et al. Very high risk of cancer in familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2000 Dec;119(6):1447-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11113065?tool=bestpractice.com 已经发布 Peutz-Jeghers 综合征监测指南:[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com
应在 8 岁时开始进行小肠可视胶囊内镜检查,并且每 3 年重复监测一次,如果患者在 8 岁之前就出现了症状,则应在更早的年龄开始进行监测。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com对于曾行肠切除术的患者以及因小肠息肉引起轻度症状的患者,使用胶囊内镜是安全的。
应在 8 岁时进行食管胃十二指肠镜检查 (oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, OGD) 和结肠镜检查。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com如果发现息肉,这两种检查应每 3 年进行一次;如果没有发现息肉,随后应在 18 岁时进行一次基线检查,之后每 3 年进行一次检查。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com
乳腺监测(女性):在 18 岁开始进行自我乳腺检查,在 25 岁开始每年进行一次乳腺核磁共振成像 (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI),在 50 岁之后,转为进行 X 线乳腺摄影。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com
胰腺监测:推荐超声内镜和/或MRI/磁共振胰胆管造影。 国际胰腺癌筛选同盟关于合适的筛选方式和随访间期并没有给出一个明确的推荐,但是既往的专家意见建议从25-30岁开始每1-2年进行一次筛查,和/或行CA19-9检测。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com
妇产科监测:在 25 岁开始每年进行一次盆腔检查;在 25 岁开始进行经阴道超声检查。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com专家意见建议从 25 岁开始定期进行宫颈筛查,包括采用液基细胞学检查的宫颈涂片,每 2-3 年进行一次。[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com
睾丸监测(男性):从出生至12岁,每年都需要注意对睾丸进行体格检查。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com如果发现异常,需通过睾丸超声进行随访。[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com青少年年龄段之后,不常规进行监测,可根据个体情况考虑是否进行监测。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com
对于吸烟者,应考虑每年进行放射影像学检查或胸部 CT 扫描。[15]Syngal S, Brand RE, Church JM, et al; American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 Feb;110(2):223-62.http://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ACG_Guideline_Hereditary-Gastrointestinal-Cancer-Syndromes_February_2015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25645574?tool=bestpractice.com关于症状和戒烟的教育。
支持这些推荐的证据并不充分。 作者的观点是应该根据表型、预期寿命、疾病发生率和家族史来制定个体化监测方式。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 胶囊内镜可以发现小肠错构瘤息肉手稿来自Carol A.Burke医生,并经过了他的同意 [Citation ends].
皮肤黏膜色素沉着的治疗
严重影响美容的或引起烦恼的皮肤黏膜色素沉着,可以使用激光或强光源治疗。[16]Beggs AD, Latchford AR, Vasen HF, et al. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and recommendations for management. Gut. 2010 Jul;59(7):975-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581245?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Kato S, Takeyama J, Tanita Y, et al. Ruby laser therapy for labial lentigines in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1998 Aug;157(8):622-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9727843?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Remington BK, Remington TK. Treatment of facial lentigines in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome with intense pulsed light source. Dermatol Surg. 2002 Nov;28(11):1079-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12460308?tool=bestpractice.com