美国和欧洲主动脉瓣狭窄是最常见的瓣膜病,也是心脏手术的第二位病因。大多数为老年人群患病,六十至八十岁时为发病高峰期。虽然 50-59 岁成人的 AS 患病率仅为 0.2%,但估计 60-69 岁人群可增高至 1.3%,而 80-89 岁人群最高可达 9.8%。[1]Eveborn GW, Schirmer H, Heggelund G, et al. The evolving epidemiology of valvular aortic stenosis. The Tromsø study. Heart. 2013;99:396-400.http://heart.bmj.com/content/99/6/396.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22942293?tool=bestpractice.com总体上,75 岁以上成人的 AS 患病率为 2.6%。[2]Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:630-634.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9060903?tool=bestpractice.com主动脉粥样硬化被定义为主动脉瓣硬化而无血流影响,其先兆为早峰的收缩期喷射性杂音,可通过超声诊断。不小于 65 岁的人群中罹患主动脉硬化者接近 25%,而约 17% 的主动脉硬化患者会最终发展成主动脉瓣狭窄。[3]Cosmi JE, Kort S, Tunick PA, et al. The risk of the development of aortic stenosis in patients with "benign" aortic valve thickening. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2345-2347.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=213859http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12418948?tool=bestpractice.com从主动脉硬化进展为中和重度主动脉瓣狭窄平均历时分别为 6 和 8 年。[3]Cosmi JE, Kort S, Tunick PA, et al. The risk of the development of aortic stenosis in patients with "benign" aortic valve thickening. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2345-2347.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=213859http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12418948?tool=bestpractice.com
罹患主动脉瓣二叶畸形和主动脉瓣狭窄的患者比三尖瓣病变的患者要早发10年。先天性二叶主动脉瓣在人群的患病率为 0.9%-1.36%,男女患病率比约为 2:1。[4]Lewin MB, Otto CM. The bicuspid aortic valve: adverse outcomes from infancy to old age. Circulation. 2005;111:832-834.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/7/832.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15723989?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:e1-e148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875962?tool=bestpractice.com总体而言,大约半数主动脉瓣置换术是用于治疗先天性瓣膜畸形。在一项因主动脉瓣狭窄、需要行主动脉瓣置换术的大型病例系列研究中发现,小于50岁的人群中有三分之一的人群为单瓣,三分之二的人群为双瓣膜。在50~70岁的人群中有三分之二为双瓣膜,三分之一为三瓣膜。在 70 岁以上的人群中有 60% 是三瓣膜,40% 是双瓣膜。[6]Roberts WC, Ko JM. Valvular heart disease: Frequency by decades of unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves in adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis, with or without associated aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2005;111:920-925.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/7/920.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15710758?tool=bestpractice.com