对于无症状患者,密切随访很有必要。直到出现严重的主动脉瓣狭窄才会出现相关症状,应对中度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的症状进行详细询问,而患者常常可能把功能衰退归因于其他原因(例如年龄)。针对无症状的重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的一项大规模前瞻性研究显示,5 年时仅有 20% 的患者不发生心血管死亡或未进行主动脉瓣置换手术 (AVR)。[71]Pellikka PA, Sarano ME, Nishimura RA, et al. Valvular heart disease: Outcome of 622 adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis during prolonged follow-up. Circulation. 2005;111:3290-3295.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/111/24/3290.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956131?tool=bestpractice.com因此,对无症状的重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者进行运动负荷试验可能正确,以评估其运动时的症状和生理反应。一旦出现症状或未出现血压适当升高时,就应该转诊进行手术。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com
对于无症状的主动脉瓣狭窄患者根据瓣膜狭窄程度进行连续随访:[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com
轻度狭窄:每3~5年进行经胸超声心动图检查
中度狭窄:每1~2年进行经胸超声心动图检查
严重狭窄:每6~12个月进行经胸超声心动图检查
主动脉瓣置换术出院后2-4周时,患者应进行完整的体格检查,尤其应注意是否存在术前的相关症状或术前症状是否改善。同时也应该进行经胸超声心动图,以评估置入人工瓣膜的功能,当临床情况未出现恶化时,每年应至少进行一次病史采集和体格检查。任何临床状况的改变都应该通过超声心动图进行评估,置入人工生物瓣膜超过 10 年,即使未出现临床症状,也应每年进行超声心动图检查,以评估瓣膜功能。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com虽然经导管主动脉瓣置换术 (TAVR) 后对人工瓣膜进行的超声心动图评估结果与外科手术放置瓣膜的结果类似,但目前建议对使用这些新器械的患者进行更为频繁的评估。[28]Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1200-1254.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1206372http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300974?tool=bestpractice.com术后出现主动脉瓣周主动脉反流的患者死亡风险更高,所以应该更为密切随访。[36]Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1686-1695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443479?tool=bestpractice.com