针对轻度或是中度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者,主动脉瓣面积每年平均减少 0.1cm^2,平均跨瓣压差每年增加 7 mmHg。[66]Faggiano P, Ghizzoni G, Sorgato A, et al. Rate of progression of valvular aortic stenosis in adults. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:229-233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1626512?tool=bestpractice.com建议中度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者,每 1-2 年进行超声心动图检查,而对于轻度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者,每 3-5 年进行相应检查。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com但是应该注意进展速度的个体差异性,因此应该为每名患者推荐个体化的随访间隔时间。
症状的出现具有重要意义且提示预后不良,若不进行手术,其平均生存时间为2-3年。8%-34% 的有症状患者会发生猝死。[67]Sorgato A, Faggiano P, Aurigemma GP, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in adult aortic stenosis: prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Chest. 1998;113:482-491.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9498969?tool=bestpractice.com因此,出现症状的患者有必要转诊接受外科主动脉瓣置换术。
外科主动脉瓣置换术是一种十分有效的治疗方式。随着假体瓣膜设计、体外循环、外科技术、麻醉等诸多方面的改进,主动脉瓣置换外科手术结果稳步提高。2006年美国胸外科学会 (American Society of Thoracic Surgery) STS 数据库分析结果显示,在过去的十多年中,仅接受主动脉瓣置换术的患者死亡风险从 3.4% 下降到 2.6%,对于手术时小于70岁的患者,外科手术的死亡风险为1.3%。[30]Brown JM, O'Brien SM, Wu C, et al. Isolated aortic valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687 patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:82-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154908?tool=bestpractice.com接受手术治疗的术后存活患者,预期寿命接近正常人,其 5、10、15 年的相对生存率分别是 99%、85% 和 82%。[68]Kvidal P, Bergstrom R, Horte LG, et al. Observed and relative survival after aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:747-756.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10716479?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Ståhle E, Kvidal P, Nyström SO, et al. Long-term relative survival after primary heart valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11:81-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9030794?tool=bestpractice.com几乎所有患者射血分数和心衰症状得到改善,且有更晚期术前症状者受益更多。[5]Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:e1-e148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875962?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Vaquette B, Corbineau H, Laurent M, et al. Valve replacement in patients with critical aortic stenosis and depressed left ventricular function: predictors of operative risk, left ventricular function recovery, and long term outcome. Heart. 2005;91:1324-1329.http://heart.bmj.com/content/91/10/1324.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16162627?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Sharma UC, Barenbrug P, Pokharel S, et al. Systematic review of the outcome of aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:90-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15223410?tool=bestpractice.com对于未见改善者,应考虑瓣膜功能异常、术前左心室功能改善低于预期、人工瓣膜不匹配和存在其他共病的情况。
外科手术风险较高的患者可接受外科或者经导管主动脉瓣置换术 (TAVR),而禁忌外科手术治疗的患者(即非外科手术候选患者)若其预测的 TAVR 后生存期超过 12 个月,则应转诊进行 TAVR 治疗。[28]Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1200-1254.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1206372http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300974?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com美国 PARTNER 研究在高风险患者中对手术和 TAVR 进行了比较,结果发现,两种术式在 2 年和 5 年时的症状缓解和死亡率相似。[36]Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1686-1695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443479?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2477-2484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788234?tool=bestpractice.com30天时的围手术期风险各不相同;血管并发症和神经系统事件(如卒中)在TAVR组发生率更高,但是主要出血事件和新发的心房颤动低于外科手术治疗组患者。[39]Généreux P, Cohen DJ, Williams MR, et al. Bleeding complications after surgical aortic valve replacement compared with transcatheter aortic valve replacement: insights from the PARTNER I Trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1100-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291283?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2187-2198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639811?tool=bestpractice.com急性肾损伤和置入新的起搏装置是两种干预方式的并发症,且发生的概率相当。[38]Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2187-2198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639811?tool=bestpractice.com2 年和 5 年时,复查超声心动图发现瓣膜面积和平均压差的改善方面在两组间未见明显差异,但是 TAVR 组术后主动脉瓣反流和主动脉瓣周反流更为常见。[36]Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1686-1695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443479?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2477-2484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788234?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Hahn RT, Pibarot P, Stewart WJ, et al. Comparison of transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement in severe aortic stenosis: a longitudinal study of echocardiography parameters in cohort A of the PARTNER trial (placement of aortic transcatheter valves). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2514-2521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23623915?tool=bestpractice.com对于禁忌手术治疗的患者(即非手术患者),PARTNER 研究对标准治疗(包括主动脉球囊成形术)与 TAVR 进行了比较,结果发现 TAVR 可使 1 年死亡率绝对降低 20%。[43]Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1597-1607.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1008232#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961243?tool=bestpractice.com3 年时,TAVR 组的死亡率是 54.1%,相比之下,标准治疗组是 80.9%,5 年时,两组死亡率分别是 71.8% 和 93.6%。[44]Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Makkar RR, et al. Long-term outcomes of inoperable patients with aortic stenosis randomly assigned to transcatheter aortic valve replacement or standard therapy. Circulation. 2014;130:1483-1492.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/17/1483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205802?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Kapadia SR, Leon MB, Makkar RR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared with standard treatment for patients with inoperable aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2485-2491.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788231?tool=bestpractice.com30 天至 6 个月间,心力衰竭症状改善,3 年时,TAVR 组患者 29.7% 存活,其纽约心脏病协会功能分级为 I/II 级症状,相比之下,标准治疗组为 4.8%。[43]Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1597-1607.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1008232#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961243?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Makkar RR, et al. Long-term outcomes of inoperable patients with aortic stenosis randomly assigned to transcatheter aortic valve replacement or standard therapy. Circulation. 2014;130:1483-1492.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/17/1483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205802?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Makkar RR, Fontana GP, Jilaihawi H, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement for inoperable severe aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1696-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443478?tool=bestpractice.com与标准治疗相比,TAVR可以显著改善患者健康相关生活质量的评估情况。[47]Reynolds MR, Magnuson EA, Lei Y, et al. Valvular heart disease: Health-related quality of life after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2011;124:1964-1972.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/18/1964.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21969017?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数双瓣叶的患者需要接受瓣膜置换术,接受瓣膜置换术后,可显著减少这部分患者死亡率,并改善症状。然而,他们存在主动脉夹层风险,需要后续连续随访这一潜在并发症。