多个患者因素都会影响推荐治疗策略,包括:
症状的有无
心脏功能和狭窄的程度
是否适合进行手术和手术风险的评估
有症状的 AS 的主要治疗方法是主动脉瓣置换术。对于有症状的重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者、存在左心室射血分数 (LVEF) 下降或需要进行其他心脏手术的无症状重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者,建议实施瓣膜置换术。在无症状的极严重 AS 患者中或快速进展的严重 AS 患者中,以及存在以下任一情况的有症状低血流/低压差严重 AS 患者中,也可考虑实行瓣膜置换术:1) 低剂量多巴酚丁胺应激试验中显示 LVEF 降低及持续的严重 AS;或者 2) LVEF 正常但有证据显示瓣膜阻塞是引起症状的最可能病因。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com出现症状是最重要的标志性事件,且提示预后不良,若不进行瓣膜置换术,平均生存期仅为 2-3 年。随着假体瓣膜设计、体外循环、外科技术、麻醉等诸多方面的改进,主动脉瓣置换外科手术结果稳步提高。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com过去超过 50 年期间,外科主动脉瓣置换术是治疗主动脉瓣狭窄唯一有效的方式。然而,随着瓣膜病经导管治疗方式的改进,患者和医生有了更多的治疗方案。
临床决策:手术风险评估
是将患者转诊行手术治疗还是经导管主动脉瓣置换术 (TAVR) 治疗的决策取决于患者的手术风险评估。目前已经研发了几种外科手术风险评估模型,但美国胸外科医师学会 (Society of Thoracic Surgery) 风险模型Society of Thoracic Surgeons: risk calculator和欧洲心脏手术风险逻辑评估系统 (EuroSCORE)[25]Kalavrouziotis D, Li D, Buth KJ, et al. The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) is not appropriate for withholding surgery in high-risk patients with aortic stenosis: a retrospective cohort study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;4:32.http://www.cardiothoracicsurgery.org/content/4/1/32http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19602289?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Grossi EA, Schwartz CF, Yu PJ, et al. High-risk aortic valve replacement: are the outcomes as bad as predicted? Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:102-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18154791?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Brown ML, Schaff HV, Sarano ME, et al. Is the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation model valid for estimating the operative risk of patients considered for percutaneous aortic valve replacement? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136:566-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18805253?tool=bestpractice.com应用最为广泛。在对虚弱程度、主要器官系统损害和手术特异性困难评估时,结合死亡率估计值对每位患者的整体手术风险进行分类:[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com
外科手术风险为低或中等的患者可转诊接受瓣膜置换术;然而,TAVR 正在成为许多中等风险病例的合理选择,特别是在老年患者中。
BMJ Rapid Recommendations: transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: BMJ 快速建议:经导管或外科主动脉瓣置换术 - 低至中等外科手术风险,85 岁以上Vandvik PO, et al. BMJ 2016;354:i5085 [Citation ends].
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: BMJ 快速建议:经导管或外科主动脉瓣置换术 - 低至中等外科手术风险,75-84 岁Vandvik PO, et al. BMJ 2016;354:i5085 [Citation ends].
MAGICapp: recommendations, evidence summaries and consultation decision aids
对于高风险患者,临床医师应讨论 TAVR 的可行性及相对优点;这些患者可以接受 TAVR 或外科瓣膜置换术。对于禁忌外科手术且有症状的重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者(即非外科手术候选患者),例如可能存在晚期肺病、胸壁畸形或主动脉瓣广泛钙化的患者,如果预测的 TAVR 后生存期超过 12 个月,则这些患者应转诊进行 TAVR。[28]Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1200-1254.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1206372http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300974?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com
年老和虚弱患者的治疗策略
经导管瓣膜置换手术(TAVR)的出现使得在绝大多数主动脉瓣狭窄患者中,无论身体状况如何,缓解主动脉瓣狭窄成为可能。然而,不能仅仅因为可以实施瓣膜置换术,就要开展手术。关于置换主动脉瓣的决定,无论是外科手术还是经导管,应考虑预期的获益。对于处于终末期疾病、严重痴呆或合并晚期并发症的患者,瓣膜置换术不能使这些患者获得有意义的生活改善,不应转诊进行瓣膜置换术。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: BMJ 快速建议:重度主动脉瓣狭窄 (AS) 管理流程图;AVR:主动脉瓣置换术;SAVR:外科主动脉瓣置换术;TAVI:经导管主动脉瓣植入术Vandvik PO, et al. BMJ 2016;354:i5085 [Citation ends].
MAGICapp: recommendations, evidence summaries and consultation decision aids
外科主动脉瓣置换术
外科手术是有症状的重度主动脉瓣狭窄的标准治疗。有症状的重度 AS 患者和无症状的重度 AS 患者在外科手术风险为低或中等时,如果符合主动脉瓣置换术指征,应接受外科主动脉瓣置换术。[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com美国每年实施的单纯主动脉瓣置换术超过24,000例,使主动脉瓣狭窄成为瓣膜手术最常见的适应症。单纯外科主动脉瓣置换术报告的总死亡率为 3.2%。[30]Brown JM, O'Brien SM, Wu C, et al. Isolated aortic valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687 patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:82-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154908?tool=bestpractice.com研究已发现,术后的预期寿命接近正常,并且绝大多数患者生活质量获得显著改善。
外科瓣膜置换术中使用的人工主动脉瓣可能是机械瓣膜或生物瓣膜。使用的人工瓣膜类型取决于患者的倾向,但是近年来使用生物瓣膜的趋势逐渐增加。[30]Brown JM, O'Brien SM, Wu C, et al. Isolated aortic valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687 patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:82-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154908?tool=bestpractice.com两种瓣膜各有优缺点。
机械瓣膜:
对于年龄小于 50 岁且没有抗凝禁忌证的患者,是合理的选择。对于 50-70 岁的患者,根据患者个体因素和偏好,酌情选择机械瓣膜或生物瓣膜是合理的做法。[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com
相比于生物瓣膜,机械瓣膜不容易变性且较少发生因瓣膜损坏需要后续再次手术。
患者需要后续全身性抗凝治疗预防瓣膜血栓形成 [
]In people with prosthetic heart valves, what are the effects of combined antiplatelet and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) therapy compared with VKA monotherapy?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.406/full显示答案
生物瓣膜:
建议对禁用抗凝治疗、无法进行抗凝治疗或不适合进行抗凝治疗的任何年龄患者进行使用。[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com
对于年龄超过 70 岁的患者,生物瓣膜也是合理选择。对于 50-70 岁的患者,根据患者个体因素和偏好,酌情选择机械瓣膜或生物瓣膜是合理的做法。[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com
现有的资料尚难以说明生物瓣膜和机械瓣膜比较的结果数据孰优孰劣,因为自从最大规模随机试验开始,生物瓣膜技术已经显著改进。使用第一代生物人工瓣膜的研究发现,使用机械瓣膜能够改善存活。[31]Hammermeister K, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, et al. Outcomes 15 years after valve replacement with a mechanical versus a bioprosthetic valve: final report of the Veterans Affairs randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1152-1158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11028464?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Rahimtoola SH. Choice of prosthetic heart valve for adult patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:893-904.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12651032?tool=bestpractice.com
相反地,更新的研究在校正术前心脏疾病严重程度之后发现,无论年龄如何,死亡率无差异。他们的确发现,生物瓣膜更可能因为瓣膜失效而需要再次手术。[33]Stassano P, Di Tommaso L, Monaco M, et al. Aortic valve replacement: a prospective randomized evaluation of mechanical versus biological valves in patients ages 55 to 70 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1862-1868.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892237?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Lund O, Bland M. Risk-corrected impact of mechanical versus bioprosthetic valves on long-term mortality after aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:20-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16798297?tool=bestpractice.com总的来说,外科大夫使用生物瓣膜是大趋势,从1997年至2006年,北美的生物瓣膜使用率从44%增长到78.4%。[30]Brown JM, O'Brien SM, Wu C, et al. Isolated aortic valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687 patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:82-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19154908?tool=bestpractice.com这一趋势反映出第二代和第三代生物瓣膜具有更确定的耐久性。
人工主动脉瓣类型的选择必须权衡使用机械瓣膜需要全身抗凝治疗从而引起出血的风险与使用生物瓣增加再次手术的可能性。临床医师需要讨论每一种瓣膜的优劣,但最终取决于患者的选择。
经导管主动脉瓣置换术
自 2002 年首例 TAVR 至今,全球已有超过 100,000 病例接受了这种手术。[35]Munt B, Webb JG. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation. In: Otto CM, Bonow RO, eds. Valvular heart disease: a companion to Braunwald’s heart disease. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2013.这项操作建立在现有技术基础上,在为冠状动脉造影和介入准备的心脏导管室里完成。与外科瓣膜置换术不同,TAVR不需要胸骨切开术或体外循环,可以在跳动的心脏上进行。相反,导管经过多个潜在的动脉入口到达心脏,将装于支架搭载的人工瓣膜被安置在主动脉原有位置上。目前已有几种不同的经导管心脏瓣膜,每一种都有独特的运载系统和操作技术,其基本构造相同。该项微创手术的优势包括避免了体外循环和正中胸骨切开术。这些益处使得介入心脏科医生和心胸外科医生能够为更严重的和更复杂的患者置换主动脉瓣。
存在手术高风险的患者可以接受手术或TAVR治疗。美国开展的 PARTNER 研究对高风险手术和高风险患者 TAVR 治疗进行了比较,结果发现,两种术式在 2 年和 5 年时的症状缓解和死亡率相似。[36]Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1686-1695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443479?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2477-2484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788234?tool=bestpractice.com重度主动脉瓣狭窄的全因死亡率和高手术风险:一项纳入699名重度主动脉瓣狭窄的高危患者的随机对照研究的高质量证据显示,经导管主动脉瓣置换术 (TAVR) 和外科主动脉瓣置换术 (AVR) 治疗1年时死亡率相近(30天:TAVR 3.5% vs AVR 6.5%,p=0.07;1年:TAVR 24.2% vs AVR 26.8%,p=0.44)。然而,每一种手术的围手术期风险存在差异。[38]Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2187-2198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639811?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。30天时的围手术期风险各异;血管并发症和神经性事件(例如卒中)在TAVR组发生率更高,但是主要出血事件和新发的心房颤动低于外科手术治疗组患者。[39]Généreux P, Cohen DJ, Williams MR, et al. Bleeding complications after surgical aortic valve replacement compared with transcatheter aortic valve replacement: insights from the PARTNER I Trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valve). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:1100-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24291283?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2187-2198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639811?tool=bestpractice.com急性肾损伤和置入新的起搏装置是两种干预方式的并发症,且发生的概率相当。[38]Smith CR, Leon MB, Mack MJ, et al; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic-valve replacement in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2187-2198.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21639811?tool=bestpractice.comTAVR患者健康相关生活质量评估评分改善更迅速,但12个月时两组评分相当。[40]Reynolds MR, Magnuson EA, Wang K, et al; PARTNER Trial Investigators. Health-related quality of life after transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis: results from the PARTNER (Placement of AoRTic TraNscathetER Valve) trial (Cohort A). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:548-558.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1270594http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22818074?tool=bestpractice.com2 年和 5 年时,复查超声心动图发现瓣膜面积和平均压差的改善方面在两组间未见明显差异,但是 TAVR 组术后主动脉瓣反流和主动脉瓣周反流更为常见。[36]Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1686-1695.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443479?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Mack MJ, Leon MB, Smith CR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2477-2484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788234?tool=bestpractice.com[41]Hahn RT, Pibarot P, Stewart WJ, et al. Comparison of transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement in severe aortic stenosis: a longitudinal study of echocardiography parameters in cohort A of the PARTNER trial (placement of aortic transcatheter valves). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:2514-2521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23623915?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机临床试验对高风险患者使用选择性、自扩展人工生物瓣膜进行 TAVR 和外科手术进行了比较,结果显示,TAVR 组的 3 年生存情况与外科手术组近似。[42]Deeb GM, Reardon MJ, Chetcuti S, et al. 3-year outcomes in high-risk patients who underwent surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2565-2574.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27050187?tool=bestpractice.com必须强调的是,不管这些激动人心的结果如何,TAVR还是一种相对新的技术,但是它与外科手术置入人工瓣膜比较,持久性尚不明确。
对禁忌外科手术的患者(即,非外科手术患者), TAVR 是首选的治疗手段。[28]Holmes DR Jr, Mack MJ, Kaul S, et al. 2012 ACCF/AATS/SCAI/STS expert consensus document on transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1200-1254.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1206372http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300974?tool=bestpractice.comPARTNER 研究在被认为不适合手术的患者中,对包括球囊瓣膜成形术在内的标准治疗与 TAVR 进行了比较,发现 TAVR 组 1 年时的死亡率绝对降低了 20%。[43]Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1597-1607.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1008232#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961243?tool=bestpractice.com3 年时,TAVR 组的死亡率是 54.1%,相比之下,标准治疗组是 80.9%,5 年时,两组死亡率分别是 71.8% 和 93.6%。[44]Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Makkar RR, et al. Long-term outcomes of inoperable patients with aortic stenosis randomly assigned to transcatheter aortic valve replacement or standard therapy. Circulation. 2014;130:1483-1492.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/17/1483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205802?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Kapadia SR, Leon MB, Makkar RR, et al. 5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared with standard treatment for patients with inoperable aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2485-2491.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788231?tool=bestpractice.com30 天至 6 个月间,心力衰竭症状改善,3 年时,TAVR 组患者 29.7% 存活,其纽约心脏病协会功能分级为 I/II 级症状,相比之下,标准治疗组为 4.8%。[43]Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack M, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1597-1607.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1008232#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961243?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Kapadia SR, Tuzcu EM, Makkar RR, et al. Long-term outcomes of inoperable patients with aortic stenosis randomly assigned to transcatheter aortic valve replacement or standard therapy. Circulation. 2014;130:1483-1492.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/17/1483.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25205802?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Makkar RR, Fontana GP, Jilaihawi H, et al. Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement for inoperable severe aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1696-1704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443478?tool=bestpractice.com与标准治疗相比,TAVR可以显著改善患者健康相关生活质量的评估情况。[47]Reynolds MR, Magnuson EA, Lei Y, et al. Valvular heart disease: Health-related quality of life after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2011;124:1964-1972.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/18/1964.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21969017?tool=bestpractice.com
在中等风险患者中新发现的试验数据表明,TAVR 可能是外科手术的合理替代治疗。对中等风险重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者的 PARTNER 2A 研究显示,经 TAVR 治疗的患者在 2 年时死亡或致残性卒中的发生率与外科手术相似。[48]Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack MJ, et al; PARTNER 2 Investigators. Transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1609-1620.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1514616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27040324?tool=bestpractice.com美国心脏病学会 (American College of Cardiology) /美国心脏协会 (American Heart Association) 指南建议,对于具有中等外科手术风险且有症状的重度 AS 患者,TAVR 是外科主动脉瓣置换术的一种合理替代治疗。[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com在经股动脉入路而非经胸入路接受 TAVR 植入的患者中,与外科手术相比,死亡或致残性卒中风险有降低趋势。一项包括 PARTNER 2A 研究在内的 Meta 分析发现,对于许多患者而言,经股动脉 TAVR 与外科主动脉瓣置换术相比可能更有益,对于寿命较短的患者尤为如此;[49]Siemieniuk RA, Agoritsas T, Manja V, et al. Transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis at low and intermediate risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;354:i5130.http://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i5130.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27683246?tool=bestpractice.com但应该指出的是,TAVR 的长期耐用性仍然不确定。
主动脉瓣球囊扩张成形术
对于出现急性症状或心源性休克的患者,球囊瓣膜成形术是外科手术或TAVR的一个桥梁,这种经皮介入术在心导管室完成,将球囊置于狭窄的主动脉瓣间强行扩张,以解除狭窄。不幸的是,6个月时再狭窄的发生率较高,瓣膜成形术后并没有降低死亡率,但是患者的血流动力学和症状得到改善,为其提供了行进一步治疗的机会。[50]Letac B, Cribier A, Eltchaninoff H, et al. Evaluation of restenosis after balloon dilatation in adult aortic stenosis by repeat catheterization. Am Heart J. 1991;122:55-60.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2063763?tool=bestpractice.com
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 球囊瓣膜成形术 X 线透视检查显示瓣膜成形术的球囊扩张穿过了钙化的主动脉瓣来自 David Liff, MD, Emory University Hospital;经允许使用 [Citation ends].
内科治疗
目前尚未发现能够在主动脉瓣狭窄患者中改善生存的药物治疗。虽然他汀类药物在动脉粥样硬化疾病预防中的作用已经得到证实,但是随机试验中,使用他汀类药物治疗主动脉瓣狭窄患者时,未发现主动脉瓣狭窄进展获得改善。[13]Cowell SJ, Newby DE, Prescott RJ, et al. A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2389-2397.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043876#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15944423?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Rossebø AB, Pedersen TR, Boman K, et al; SEAS Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1343-1356.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0804602#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18765433?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Chan KL, Teo K, Dumesnil JG, et al; ASTRONOMER Investigators. Effect of lipid lowering with rosuvastatin on progression of aortic stenosis: results of the aortic stenosis progression observation: measuring effects of rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial. Circulation. 2010;121:306-314.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/2/306.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20048204?tool=bestpractice.com因此,药物治疗应针对共病,例如冠心病、高脂血症、高血压和心力衰竭。
合并心力衰竭症状的主动脉瓣狭窄患者经常接受血管扩张剂的治疗,例如 ACEI 或利尿剂,[53]Carabello BA, Paulus WJ. Aortic stenosis. Lancet. 2009;373:956-966.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232707?tool=bestpractice.com但是需要谨慎用药以避免低血压和晕厥等并发症。在主动脉瓣狭窄合并左心室功能不全的危重症患者中,硝普钠已被用于急症改善血流动力学参数;其他数据有限。[54]Khot UN, Novaro GM, Popović ZB, et al. Nitroprusside in critically ill patients with left ventricular dysfunction and aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1756-1763.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022021#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12724481?tool=bestpractice.com
无症状的主动脉瓣狭窄
严重的主动脉瓣狭窄
许多无症状的重度 AS 患者若符合瓣膜置换手术指征且手术风险低或中等时,则适合行瓣膜置换术。[29]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135:e1159-e1195.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/135/25/e1159.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28298458?tool=bestpractice.com推荐射血分数 (ejection fraction, EF) 小于 50% 的患者接受该治疗。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com研究发现,对于术前射血分数小于 50% 和射血分数大于 50% 的患者,早在瓣膜置换术后 3 年生存率就存在显著差异。[55]Schwarz F, Baumann P, Manthey J, et al. The effect of aortic valve replacement on survival. Circulation. 1982;66:1105-1110.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/66/5/1105.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7127696?tool=bestpractice.com这些患者延迟手术可能会导致不可逆的左心室功能降低和更差的生存情况。
对于无症状的重度主动脉瓣狭窄患者,如果需要进行其他心脏手术(例如冠脉搭桥术)或其他瓣膜手术,则也推荐实施外科瓣膜置换术。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com
还有相当一部分患者存在严重的主动脉瓣狭窄,但无症状且左心室收缩功能正常,且不需要接受其他类型心脏手术。首先应确定的是这些患者是否真的没有症状,病史采集注重运动水平和功能能力的变化。对于这些没有症状的患者,运动负荷试验可以提供临床重要信息。AHA/ACC指南建议对于存在活动时血压下降或运动耐受减低的无症状重度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者应实行瓣膜置换术。对于分类为极重度且手术风险低的无症状 AS 患者,也建议手术。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com
对于存在重度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者,建议进行连续超声心动图评估,每 6-12 个月进行一次。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com
轻度或中度主动脉瓣狭窄
当轻度或是中度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者进行心脏手术时,决定置换瓣膜的决定比较困难,应平衡把主动脉瓣置换术手术加入已计划好的手术中增加的风险与若不手术主动脉瓣狭窄可能进展至严重、有症状状态的风险。
尽管尚缺乏大规模前瞻性、随机对照研究结果,但已有研究探讨外科搭桥术的同时实施主动脉瓣置换术。一项来自 1995 年至 2000 年的胸外科协会数据库的回顾性研究显示,对于小于 70 岁且主动脉峰值压差大于 30 mmHg 的患者(更多存在中等程度主动脉瓣狭窄),可从冠状动脉旁路手术同时进行的预防性瓣膜置换术中获益。[56]Smith WT 4th, Ferguson TB Jr, Ryan T, et al. Should coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients with mild or moderate aortic stenosis undergo concomitant aortic valve replacement? A decision analysis approach to the surgical dilemma. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1241-1247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15364326?tool=bestpractice.com这些结论得到了后续回顾性分析的支持,显示对存在中度而非轻度的主动脉瓣狭窄患者在冠状动脉旁路手术同时进行预防性瓣膜置换术,治疗 8 年后得到了显著的生存优势。[57]Pereira JJ, Balaban K, Lauer MS, et al. Aortic valve replacement in patients with mild or moderate aortic stenosis and coronary bypass surgery. Am J Med. 2005;118:735-742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15989907?tool=bestpractice.com美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会 (ACC/AHA) 指南建议,对于行其他心脏手术的无症状中度主动脉瓣狭窄患者,同时进行主动脉瓣置换术是合理的。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com
推荐应对无症状的轻度主动脉瓣狭窄患者每 3-5 年连续进行经胸超声心动图检查。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com每 1-2 年应对中度主动脉瓣狭窄的患者进行经胸超声心动图检查。[16]Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:e57-e185.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2014/02/27/CIR.0000000000000029.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603191?tool=bestpractice.com