托伐普坦
托伐普坦是一种血管加压素 V2 受体拮抗剂,可降低远端肾单位和集合管中 cAMP 的浓度,这是常染色体显性遗传性 PKD (ADPKD) 囊肿发展的主要部位,并且在与人类疾病同源的动物模型中抑制 PKD 的发展。[96]Torres VE, Meijer E, Bae KT, et al. Rationale and design of the TEMPO (tolvaptan efficacy and safety in management of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and its outcomes) 3-4 study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 May;57(5):692-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333426?tool=bestpractice.com 在一项大型随机临床试验中,与安慰剂相比,托伐普坦在 3 年的时间内,减缓了早期 ADPKD 患者肾脏总体积的增长以及肾功能的下降,但由于存在不良反应,其停药率较高。[97]Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, et al; TEMPO 3:4 Trial Investigators. Tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 20;367(25):2407-18.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205511#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121377?tool=bestpractice.com 与安慰剂相比,托伐普坦还可减缓较晚期 ADPKD 患者的估算肾小球滤过率 (GFR) 的下降。[98]Torres VE, Chapman AB, Devuyst O, et al; REPRISE Trial Investigators. Tolvaptan in later-stage autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 16;377(20):1930-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29105594?tool=bestpractice.com 托伐普坦尚未被美国食品药品监督管理局批准用于治疗 ADPKD,但已获批准在几个国家使用,包括日本和加拿大,并且欧洲药品管理局已建议授予该药物销售许可,其适用于减缓伴肾功能正常到中度降低的快速进行性 ADPKD 成人患者中的囊肿发生和肾功能衰退的进展。通过抑制加压素,单独摄入很多饮用水可能具有保护作用,应鼓励存留肾功能的患者这样做。这些药物对肝囊肿无效。
生长抑素 SST2 抑制剂
一项小型前瞻性临床试验表明,奥曲肽减缓 ADPKD 患者肾脏体积增大。生长抑素作用于 SST2 受体,抑制 cAMP 在肾脏和肝脏的蓄积。已有 3 项临床试验显示,生长抑素类似物(例如,奥曲肽、兰瑞肽)可以有效降低肝囊肿体积。[99]van Keimpema L, Nevens F, Vanslembrouck R, et al. Lanreotide reduces the volume of polycystic liver: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5):1661-8.e1-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19646443?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Hogan MC, Masyuk TV, Page LJ, et al. Randomized clinical trial of long-acting somatostatin for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney and liver disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jun;21(6):1052-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431041?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Caroli A, Antiga L, Cafaro M, et al. Reducing polycystic liver volume in ADPKD: effects of somatostatin analogue octreotide. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 May;5(5):783-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20185596?tool=bestpractice.com 一项评估奥曲肽对肾脏疾病疗效的研究显示,该药物可有效减小间隔 1 年和 3 年时的平均总肾脏体积。[102]Caroli A, Perico N, Perna A, et al. Effect of longacting somatostatin analogue on kidney and cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ALADIN): a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2013 Nov 2;382(9903):1485-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972263?tool=bestpractice.com 给药方式是按月肌内注射给药。由于研究时间短(6-36 个月)和患者数量少,关于安全性和疗效的数据有限。需要更长期和更大规模的试验来确定长期的安全性和疗效。[99]van Keimpema L, Nevens F, Vanslembrouck R, et al. Lanreotide reduces the volume of polycystic liver: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5):1661-8.e1-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19646443?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Hogan MC, Masyuk TV, Page LJ, et al. Randomized clinical trial of long-acting somatostatin for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney and liver disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jun;21(6):1052-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431041?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Caroli A, Antiga L, Cafaro M, et al. Reducing polycystic liver volume in ADPKD: effects of somatostatin analogue octreotide. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 May;5(5):783-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20185596?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Caroli A, Perico N, Perna A, et al. Effect of longacting somatostatin analogue on kidney and cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ALADIN): a randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2013 Nov 2;382(9903):1485-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23972263?tool=bestpractice.com
mTOR 抑制剂
这些药物抑制 mTOR 途径,该途径涉及到 PKD 发病机制。在早期慢性肾脏病中,18 个月的西罗莫司治疗未能阻止肾脏增长。[103]Serra AL, Poster D, Kistler AD, et al. Sirolimus and kidney growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 26;363(9):820-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581391?tool=bestpractice.com 在关于依维莫司的研究中,治疗 2 年减缓了肾脏总体积增加,但并未减缓肾功能下降。[104]Walz G, Budde K, Mannaa M, et al. Everolimus in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 26;363(9):830-40.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1003491#t=articleTophttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581392?tool=bestpractice.com 在另一项研究中,西罗莫司阻止了囊肿的生长,并增加了实质的体积(与对照组的肾实质相比无明显变化),[105]Perico N, Antiga L, Caroli A, et al. Sirolimus therapy to halt the progression of ADPKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Jun;21(6):1031-40.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466742?tool=bestpractice.com 但由于副作用和失访,21 名患者中只有 15 名成功完成研究。西罗莫司治疗也与蛋白尿少量增加相关,似乎还减小了 ADPKD 肾移植患者的自体肾脏和肝脏体积。然而,似乎未减缓肾小球滤过率的下降。[106]Liu YM, Shao YQ, He Q. Sirolimus for treatment of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Transplant Proc. 2014 Jan-Feb;46(1):66-74.http://www.transplantation-proceedings.org/article/S0041-1345(13)01091-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24507028?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项研究显示,依维莫司与奥曲肽联合在减少肝脏体积方面未能起到强化作用。[107]Chrispijn M, Gevers TJ, Hol JC, et al. Everolimus does not further reduce polycystic liver volume when added to long acting octreotide: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2013 Jul;59(1):153-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23499726?tool=bestpractice.com 针对结节性硬化个体的 EXIST 1 和 EXIST 2 的研究(这与 mTOR 的组成性激活相关)表明,相对于 42% 的个体基线资料,依维莫司可以有效降低目标肾血管肌脂肪瘤总体积的 50%,并且还导致了室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤生长的退化。[108]Franz DN, Belousova E, Sparagana S, et al. Efficacy and safety of everolimus for subependymal giant cell astrocytomas associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (EXIST-1): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013 Jan 12;381(9861):125-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23158522?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Bissler JJ, Kingswood JC, Radzikowska E, et al. Everolimus for angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis (EXIST-2): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2013 Mar 9;381(9869):817-24.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23312829?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,虽有冲突的证据和阴性的试验,仍然不继续推荐将 mTOR 抑制剂作为 ADPKD 的有效治疗措施。[110]Xue C, Dai B, Mei C. Long-term treatment with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor does not benefit patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2013;124(1-2):10-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24022660?tool=bestpractice.com
Erb-B1、Erb-B2 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,Src 激酶或 MEK
临床数据是令人鼓舞的,但还没有关于人类 ADPKD 的数据资料。针对这些药物的临床前试验正在进行中,关于 Src 激酶抑制剂,正在进行临床试验。[111]Herrera GA. C-erb B-2 amplification in cystic renal disease. Kidney Int. 1991 Sep;40(3):509-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1686289?tool=bestpractice.com[112]Wilson SJ, Amsler K, Hyink DP, et al. Inhibition of HER-2(neu/ErbB2) restores normal function and structure to polycystic kidney disease (PKD) epithelia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Jul;1762(7):647-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16797938?tool=bestpractice.com
细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶
Roscovitine 是一种细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制剂,在 PKD 动物模型中显示有效。[113]Bukanov NO, Smith LA, Klinger KW, et al. Long-lasting arrest of murine polycystic kidney disease with CDK inhibitor roscovitine. Nature. 2006 Dec 14;444(7121):949-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17122773?tool=bestpractice.com
ACE 抑制剂/血管紧张素 Ⅱ 受体拮抗剂联合
HALT-PKD 研究(一项正在进行的由 NIH 资助的前瞻性研究)的目的是为确定:ACEI 与 ACEI/血管紧张素-Ⅱ 受体拮抗剂组合相比,前者是否能更有效地减缓 1 期或 2 期慢性肾脏病患者的肾脏囊性疾病的进展,或者是否能够有效减缓 3 期肾病患者的 GFR 下降。研究还将阐述将血压降至目标值<110/75 mmHg 是否好于当前标准目标值<130/80 mmHg。