降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,强化血压降低(目标是在 4.7 年内使收缩压<120 mmHg,相比之下目标值为<140 mmHg)并未减少 2 型糖尿病患者的风险(复合结局:非致命性 MI、非致命性卒中或因心血管原因所致死亡)。强化血压降低确实会增加不良事件的风险。[16]Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-1585.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001286#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,强化血压降低(目标是在 4.7 年内使收缩压<120 mmHg,相比之下目标值为<140 mmHg)并未减少 2 型糖尿病患者的风险(复合结局:非致命性 MI、非致命性卒中或因心血管原因所致死亡)。强化血压降低确实会增加不良事件的风险。[16]Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-1585.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001286#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com
生存率:有高质量证据表明,通过胰岛素输注进行严格血糖控制对接受 CABG 的患者有益。[118]Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:1007-1021.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771873?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Lazar HL, Chipkin SR, Fitzgerald CA, et al. Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events. Circulation. 2004;109:1497-1502.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/12/1497.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15006999?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
生存率:有高质量证据表明,通过胰岛素输注进行严格血糖控制对接受 CABG 的患者有益。[118]Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:1007-1021.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771873?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Lazar HL, Chipkin SR, Fitzgerald CA, et al. Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events. Circulation. 2004;109:1497-1502.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/12/1497.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15006999?tool=bestpractice.com
降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,2 型糖尿病患者长期使用贝特类药物能够显著降低非致死性心肌梗死的风险,但对死亡率或其他不良心血管结局无显著影响。[124]Saha SA, Arora RR. Fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141:157-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232762?tool=bestpractice.com然而,来自 ACCORD 临床试验的高质量证据证明,与他汀类药物单药治疗相比,向他汀类药物治疗中添加贝特类药物并未减少 2 型糖尿病患者的心血管风险(复合结局:在 4.7 年内出现非致命性 MI、非致命性卒中或因心血管原因所致死亡)。[125]Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563-1574.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001282#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228404?tool=bestpractice.com需要更多的研究来探讨贝特类-他汀类药物联合治疗对2型糖尿病患者心血管结局的效果。
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,2 型糖尿病患者长期使用贝特类药物能够显著降低非致死性心肌梗死的风险,但对死亡率或其他不良心血管结局无显著影响。[124]Saha SA, Arora RR. Fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141:157-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232762?tool=bestpractice.com然而,来自 ACCORD 临床试验的高质量证据证明,与他汀类药物单药治疗相比,向他汀类药物治疗中添加贝特类药物并未减少 2 型糖尿病患者的心血管风险(复合结局:在 4.7 年内出现非致命性 MI、非致命性卒中或因心血管原因所致死亡)。[125]Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563-1574.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001282#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228404?tool=bestpractice.com需要更多的研究来探讨贝特类-他汀类药物联合治疗对2型糖尿病患者心血管结局的效果。
生存率:有高质量证据表明,在非 ST 段抬高型 MI 发作后 48 小时内,进行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA) 对患者有益。[132]Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1879-1887.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200106213442501#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11419424?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Husted S, et al. Outcome at 1 year after an invasive compared with a non-invasive strategy in unstable coronary-artery disease: the FRISC II invasive randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356:9-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10892758?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
生存率:有高质量证据表明,在非 ST 段抬高型 MI 发作后 48 小时内,进行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA) 对患者有益。[132]Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1879-1887.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200106213442501#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11419424?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Husted S, et al. Outcome at 1 year after an invasive compared with a non-invasive strategy in unstable coronary-artery disease: the FRISC II invasive randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356:9-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10892758?tool=bestpractice.com
生存率:有高质量证据表明,糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 受体抑制剂对非 ST 段抬高型 MI 的治疗有益(无论患者是否进行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 [PTCA])。[134]Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e652-e735.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/23/e652.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064599?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Roffi M, Chew DP, Mukherjee D, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce mortality in diabetic patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001;104:2767-2771.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/104/23/2767.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733392?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
生存率:有高质量证据表明,糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 受体抑制剂对非 ST 段抬高型 MI 的治疗有益(无论患者是否进行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 [PTCA])。[134]Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e652-e735.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/23/e652.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064599?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Roffi M, Chew DP, Mukherjee D, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce mortality in diabetic patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001;104:2767-2771.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/104/23/2767.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733392?tool=bestpractice.com
生存率:有高质量证据表明,对于三支血管病变,CABG 优于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。[140]Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigators. Seven-year outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) by treatment and diabetic status. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1122-1129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10758950?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Flaherty JD, Davidson CJ. Diabetes and coronary revascularization. JAMA. 2005;293:1501-1508.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=200563http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784875?tool=bestpractice.com此外,一项实验比较了冠状动脉旁路移植术和药物洗脱支架,关于该试验的亚组分析发现,左主干和/或三支病变的糖尿病患者,相对于冠状动脉旁路移植术,接受药物洗脱支架治疗者的一年期主要不良心脏和心血管事件的发生率更高,主要是因为需要再次血运重建。然而,血运重建方法不会影响死亡/中风/心肌梗死发生率。和无糖尿病者相比,两种手术的糖尿病者死亡风险均升高。高度复杂冠脉病变的糖尿病患者,药物洗脱支架术后的死亡率高于冠状动脉旁路移植术。[142]Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP; SYNTAX Investigators. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:961-972.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228612?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, et al. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1067-1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079596?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
生存率:有高质量证据表明,对于三支血管病变,CABG 优于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。[140]Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigators. Seven-year outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) by treatment and diabetic status. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1122-1129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10758950?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Flaherty JD, Davidson CJ. Diabetes and coronary revascularization. JAMA. 2005;293:1501-1508.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=200563http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784875?tool=bestpractice.com此外,一项实验比较了冠状动脉旁路移植术和药物洗脱支架,关于该试验的亚组分析发现,左主干和/或三支病变的糖尿病患者,相对于冠状动脉旁路移植术,接受药物洗脱支架治疗者的一年期主要不良心脏和心血管事件的发生率更高,主要是因为需要再次血运重建。然而,血运重建方法不会影响死亡/中风/心肌梗死发生率。和无糖尿病者相比,两种手术的糖尿病者死亡风险均升高。高度复杂冠脉病变的糖尿病患者,药物洗脱支架术后的死亡率高于冠状动脉旁路移植术。[142]Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP; SYNTAX Investigators. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:961-972.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228612?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, et al. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1067-1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079596?tool=bestpractice.com
降低 CVD 风险:有高质量证据证明,高血糖严重程度的增加与心血管疾病风险的增加有关。[28]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com然而,三项大型研究发现(这三项大型研究分别是控制糖尿病性心血管风险措施研究(ACCORD),糖尿病和血管疾病治疗研究(ADVANCE)和退伍军人管理局糖尿病试验(VADT)),强化血糖控制(三至五年的目标糖化血红蛋白为42nM/mol~48mM/mol[6%~6.5%])不会减少成年2型糖尿病患者的大血管事件。[28]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560-2572.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539916?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129-139.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808431#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092145?tool=bestpractice.com相反,在 1 型糖尿病患者中,强化血糖控制似乎对 CVD 风险有长期有益的影响。[23]Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2643-2653.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052187#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371630?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
降低 CVD 风险:有高质量证据证明,高血糖严重程度的增加与心血管疾病风险的增加有关。[28]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com然而,三项大型研究发现(这三项大型研究分别是控制糖尿病性心血管风险措施研究(ACCORD),糖尿病和血管疾病治疗研究(ADVANCE)和退伍军人管理局糖尿病试验(VADT)),强化血糖控制(三至五年的目标糖化血红蛋白为42nM/mol~48mM/mol[6%~6.5%])不会减少成年2型糖尿病患者的大血管事件。[28]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560-2572.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539916?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129-139.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808431#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092145?tool=bestpractice.com相反,在 1 型糖尿病患者中,强化血糖控制似乎对 CVD 风险有长期有益的影响。[23]Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2643-2653.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052187#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371630?tool=bestpractice.com
降低 CVD 风险:有中等质量证据表明在糖尿病患者中使用阿托伐他汀可有效降低 LDL。[19]Haffner SM. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:160-178.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9538988?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
降低 CVD 风险:有中等质量证据表明在糖尿病患者中使用阿托伐他汀可有效降低 LDL。[19]Haffner SM. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:160-178.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9538988?tool=bestpractice.com
CVD 和全因死亡率:有中等质量证据证明,增加体育运动可降低 CVD 和全因死亡率,并降低各种中间测量值,如血脂。[42]Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Marmot M, et al. Physical activity and cause-specific mortality in men with type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance: evidence from the Whitehall study. Diabet Med. 2002;19:580-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099962?tool=bestpractice.com[43]American Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus and exercise. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(suppl 1):S64-S68.[44]Buse JB, Ginsberg HN, Bakris GL, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:162-172.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/1/162.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17192355?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
CVD 和全因死亡率:有中等质量证据证明,增加体育运动可降低 CVD 和全因死亡率,并降低各种中间测量值,如血脂。[42]Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Marmot M, et al. Physical activity and cause-specific mortality in men with type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance: evidence from the Whitehall study. Diabet Med. 2002;19:580-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099962?tool=bestpractice.com[43]American Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus and exercise. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(suppl 1):S64-S68.[44]Buse JB, Ginsberg HN, Bakris GL, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:162-172.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/1/162.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17192355?tool=bestpractice.com