医生应立即对劳累相关的胸痛或呼吸困难以及跛行进行评估。
医学营养治疗[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
医生应当教导患者将碳水化合物摄入量监测作为实现控制血糖的关键策略。某些人群(例如,采用弹性胰岛素的人群)可能也会从脂肪和蛋白质计算中获益。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1针对糖尿病人群应当摄入的大量营养素没有一个理想的量,研究提示,此类推荐应当基于个体情况予以决定。[91]Wheeler ML, Dunbar SA, Jaacks LM, et al. Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:434-445.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/35/2/434.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275443?tool=bestpractice.com地中海饮食、[92]Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:306-314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721018?tool=bestpractice.com DASH(终止高血压膳食方法)、[93]Azadbakht L, Fard NR, Karimi M, et al. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:55-57.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/1/55.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843978?tool=bestpractice.com和绝对素食[94]Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1777-1783.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/8/1777.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873779?tool=bestpractice.com都被证实对糖尿病人群有效。[95]Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Suppl 1):S120-S143.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/Supplement_1/S120.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357208?tool=bestpractice.com推荐监测碳水化合物摄入量。推荐膳食脂肪和胆固醇的摄入量与一般人群相同。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
体育锻炼[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
血脂异常血症[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
戒烟[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
资源:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: risk assessment tool for estimating your 10-year risk of having a heart attack
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: diabetes, heart disease, and stroke
US Department of Health and Human Services: dietary guidelines for Americans, 2015-2020; 8th edition