大型临床试验已经证明,治疗性生活方式干预(如医学营养治疗和有氧运动)可改善血糖、血脂和血压的控制。[44]Buse JB, Ginsberg HN, Bakris GL, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:162-172.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/1/162.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17192355?tool=bestpractice.com强化生活方式干预能持久的减少体重,并持续改善2型糖尿病患者的身体健康、血糖控制和心血管疾病危险因素。[89]Wing RR; Look AHEAD Research Group. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1566-1575.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=226013http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20876408?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R, et al. A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:204-209.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20151996?tool=bestpractice.com多项临床试验结果证明,治疗血脂异常、高血压和高凝性以及在急性冠脉综合征期间血运重建,可使糖尿病和临床 CVD 人群获得无事件生存。
医学营养治疗
针对糖尿病人群应当摄入的大量营养素没有一个理想的量,研究提示,此类推荐应当基于个体情况予以决定。[91]Wheeler ML, Dunbar SA, Jaacks LM, et al. Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:434-445.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/35/2/434.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22275443?tool=bestpractice.com地中海饮食、[92]Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ciotola M, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-style diet on the need for antihyperglycemic drug therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:306-314.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721018?tool=bestpractice.com DASH(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension:终止高血压的膳食方法)、[93]Azadbakht L, Fard NR, Karimi M, et al. Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on cardiovascular risks among type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:55-57.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/1/55.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843978?tool=bestpractice.com和绝对素食[94]Barnard ND, Cohen J, Jenkins DJ, et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1777-1783.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/8/1777.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873779?tool=bestpractice.com都被证实对糖尿病人群有效。[95]Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, et al. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Suppl 1):S120-S143.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/Supplement_1/S120.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357208?tool=bestpractice.com推荐监测碳水化合物摄入量。蛋白质和脂肪计算可能也会对某些人群有益(如采用灵活的胰岛素方案的人群)。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1推荐膳食脂肪和胆固醇的摄入量与一般人群相同。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
体育锻炼
久坐不动的生活方式是心血管疾病的重要危险因素。大约有66%的成年糖尿病患者不经常参加体育运动。不经常参加体育运动的定义是每周小于3次的至少20min体育运动。[8]Egede LE, Zheng D. Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in adults with diabetes: prevalence and missed opportunities for physician counseling. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:427-433.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=211210http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11863475?tool=bestpractice.com
体育锻炼能够改善成年糖尿病患者的血糖控制,减少富含甘油三酯的极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,降低血压,促进减肥。[42]Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Marmot M, et al. Physical activity and cause-specific mortality in men with type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance: evidence from the Whitehall study. Diabet Med. 2002;19:580-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099962?tool=bestpractice.com此外,增加体育运动能够降低男性2型糖尿病患者的全因死亡率和心血管疾病相关的死亡率。[42]Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Marmot M, et al. Physical activity and cause-specific mortality in men with type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance: evidence from the Whitehall study. Diabet Med. 2002;19:580-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099962?tool=bestpractice.com规律的运动训练能够改善糖类代谢,降低胰岛素抵抗,增强减肥效果,降低甘油三酯水平,并降低血压。[43]American Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus and exercise. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(suppl 1):S64-S68.CVD 和全因死亡率:有中等质量证据证明,增加体育运动可降低 CVD 和全因死亡率,并降低各种中间测量值,如血脂。[42]Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Marmot M, et al. Physical activity and cause-specific mortality in men with type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance: evidence from the Whitehall study. Diabet Med. 2002;19:580-588.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099962?tool=bestpractice.com[43]American Diabetes Association. Diabetes mellitus and exercise. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(suppl 1):S64-S68.[44]Buse JB, Ginsberg HN, Bakris GL, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:162-172.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/1/162.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17192355?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
建议每周至少进行150min的中等强度有氧体育锻炼(最大心率的50%~70%)。每周应至少有3天进行体育运动。如果不存在禁忌症,还推荐抗阻训练。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1美国糖尿病协会 (ADA) 建议每静坐 30 分钟起来活动一下。老年人可能也会从柔韧性和平衡运动中获益。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
血糖控制:长期
随着高血糖程度的严重,心血管疾病的风险也会增加。[28]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com然而,三项大型研究,控制糖尿病心血管风险的措施研究(ACCORD),糖尿病和血管疾病治疗研究(ADVANCE)和退伍军人管理局糖尿病试验(VADT),发现强化血糖控制(三至五年内目标糖化血红蛋白小于42mM/mol~48mM/mol[6%~6.5%])未能减少成年2型糖尿病患者的大血管事件。[7]Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3035-3087.http://www.escardio.org/Guidelines-&-Education/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/Diabetes-Pre-Diabetes-and-Cardiovascular-Diseases-developed-with-the-EASDhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996285?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560-2572.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802987#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539916?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129-139.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808431#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092145?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Fonseca VA, et al. Systematic review: glucose control and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:394-403.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=744809http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19620144?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S et al; ACCORD Study Group. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:818-828.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1006524#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366473?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376:419-430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594588?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Zhang CY, Sun AJ, Zhang SN, et al. Effects of intensive glucose control on incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2010;42:305-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429797?tool=bestpractice.com相反,在 1 型糖尿病患者中,强化血糖控制似乎对 CVD 风险有长期有益的影响。[23]Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2643-2653.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052187#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16371630?tool=bestpractice.com一项强化血糖控制(HbA1c 中位值为 6.9% 与 8.4%)长期随访研究的确显示,强化血糖控制能够减少每 1000 人-年的主要心血管事件,但没有改善总生存期。[35]Hayward RA, Reaven PD, Wiitala WL, et al; VADT Investigators. Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;37:2197-2206.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414266#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039600?tool=bestpractice.com并且,针对强化与标准血糖控制(<6.0% 与 7.0%-7.9%)的 ACCORD 试验随访结果显示,在强化组中,心肌梗死、冠脉血运重建和不稳定性心绞痛的发生率低于标准治疗组。[36]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Ismail-Beigi F, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive glycaemic control on ischaemic heart disease: analysis of data from the randomised, controlled ACCORD trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1936-1941.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4397008/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25088437?tool=bestpractice.com
这种差异的原因还不清楚。血糖控制对心血管风险产生获益之前可能有一个迟滞期。[25]Holman R, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577-1589.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0806470#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784090?tool=bestpractice.com其他可能影响结果的方面包括:强化治疗患者糖化血红蛋白的降低幅度或速度;具体降糖药物的效果或药物相互作用;治疗相关的低血糖;治疗开始时的年龄。[28]Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al; Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545-2559.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0802743#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18539917?tool=bestpractice.com
在试验中,某些单一降糖药物降低了心血管风险。在 FDA 批准的药物中,二甲双胍、依帕列净和利拉鲁肽已证明可降低全因死亡率。ADA 继续推荐将二甲双胍作为初始抗高血糖药物用于大多数 2 型糖尿病患者,并且增加了以下建议:考虑在长期血糖控制次优且患有已确定心血管疾病的患者中进行依帕列净或利拉鲁肽治疗。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1目前尚不清楚降糖药物的心血管作用是否属于类效应或者只适用于单一药物。
大部分糖尿病患者的推荐糖化血红蛋白目标为小于53mM/mol(7%)以预防微血管并发症,医生应当根据患者情况行个体化治疗。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1有严重低血糖病史、年龄太小或太大的患者,以及合并症患者的糖化血红蛋白目标应当宽松一点。确诊2型糖尿病时,如果糖化血红蛋白大于53mM/mol(7%),初始治疗建议使用二甲双胍,联合医学营养治疗和体育运动。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
正在进行的抗高血糖药物研究继续调查了以下新药物的心血管作用:二肽基肽酶-4 (DPP-4) 抑制剂、胰高血糖素样肽-1 受体 (GLP-1) 激动剂和钠-葡萄糖转运体-2 (SGLT-2) 抑制剂。
DPP-4 抑制剂研究表明,在约 2 年的时间里沙格列汀未改变缺血性事件的发生率,但心力衰竭入院率增加。[96]Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al; the SAVOR-TIMI 53 Steering Committee and Investigators. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1317-1326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992601?tool=bestpractice.com
另一项研究比较了 DPP-4 抑制剂、磺酰脲类药物和噻唑烷二酮类药物,结果发现相较于磺酰脲类药物,使用 DPP-4 抑制剂所致的心力衰竭住院的风险更低。[97]Fadini GP, Avogaro A, Degli Esposti L, et al; OsMed Health-DB Network. Risk of hospitalization for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes newly treated with DPP-4 inhibitors or other oral glucose-lowering medications: a retrospective registry study on 127,555 patients from the Nationwide OsMed Health-DB Database. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2454-2462.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/36/2454.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26112890?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项大型队列研究中,并未观察到服用沙格列汀或西格列汀的患者发生心脏衰竭的风险高于服用其他降糖药物。[98]Toh S, Hampp C, Reichman ME, et al. Risk for hospitalized heart failure among new users of saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and other antihyperglycemic drugs: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:705-714.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27110660?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项针对糖尿病患者的大型观察性研究中,与常用的口服降糖药联合用药相比,含肠降血糖素的药物(DPP-4 抑制剂和 GLP-1 类似物)不会增加因心力衰竭而住院治疗的风险。[99]Filion KB, Azoulay L, Platt RW, et al; CNODES Investigators. A multicenter observational study of incretin-based drugs and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1145-1154.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506115http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007958?tool=bestpractice.com
对于近期出现急性冠状动脉综合征的患者,在超过40个月的时间里,阿格列汀不会增加主要不良心血管事件的风险。[100]White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al; the EXAMINE Investigators. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1327-1335.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23992602?tool=bestpractice.com
有关用于血糖控制的格列酮类药物的争议
来自多项 RCT 和 meta 分析的证据引起了对罗格列酮安全性的担忧:尤其是随着该药物的使用,MI 风险可能会增加。[101]Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2457-2471.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa072761#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517853?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298:1189-1195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848653?tool=bestpractice.com[103]Kaul S, Bolger AF, Herrington D, et al. Thiazolidinedione drugs and cardiovascular risks: a science advisory from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2010;121:1868-1877.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/16/1868.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20179252?tool=bestpractice.com[104]Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes: an interim analysis. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:28-38.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa073394#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551159?tool=bestpractice.com[105]Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1191-1201.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20656674?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Psaty BM, Furberg CD. The record on rosiglitazone and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:67-69.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe078116http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551162?tool=bestpractice.com因此,罗格列酮在欧洲已被撤出。
一项荟萃分析发现,在各种糖尿病人群中,吡格列酮都能显著的降低死亡、心肌梗死或脑卒中风险。[107]Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, et al. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2007;298:1180-1188.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848652?tool=bestpractice.com然而,两项荟萃分析已经证实,对糖尿病患者使用格列酮类(罗格列酮和吡格列酮)能够增加两倍的充血性心力衰竭风险。[108]Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Thiazolidinediones and heart failure: a teleo-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2148-2153.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/8/2148.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17536074?tool=bestpractice.com[109]Lago RM, Singh PP, Nesto RW. Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2007;370:1129-1136.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905165?tool=bestpractice.com因此,这些研究提示,罗格列酮和吡格列酮都可增加液体潴留和充血性心力衰竭的风险。[110]Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Update regarding thiazolidinediones: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:173-175.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/1/173.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18165348?tool=bestpractice.com在 NYHA III-IV 级心力衰竭患者中,不推荐使用噻唑烷二酮,在 NYHA I-II 级心力衰竭患者中,应当谨慎使用且频繁监测。[111]Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults. Circulation. 2009;119:e391-e479.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/119/14/e391.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19324966?tool=bestpractice.com
急性心血管事件或干预期间的血糖控制
针对重症患者的强化血糖控制试验取得了好坏参半的结果。[112]Inzucchi SE. Clinical practice: management of hyperglycemia in the hospital setting. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1903-1911.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079764?tool=bestpractice.com[113]Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:449-461.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa052521#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16452557?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项针对高血糖表现的急性冠脉综合征患者的研究中,强化血糖控制可引起伤害,不会减少梗死面积。[114]de Mulder M, Umans VA, Cornel JH, et al. Intensive glucose regulation in hyperglycemic acute coronary syndrome: results of the randomized BIOMarker study to identify the acute risk of a coronary syndrome-2 (BIOMArCS-2) glucose trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173:1896-1904.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1735896http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018647?tool=bestpractice.com
一项大型随机对照研究观察了住院患者的强化血糖控制问题,发现重症监护患者血糖控制目标为10mmol/l(180mg/dL)时死亡率低于血糖控制目标为4.5至6.0mmol/l(81至108mg/dL)。[115]Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al; NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1283-1297.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0810625#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19318384?tool=bestpractice.com一个疑虑是,在重症监护室的条件下,将血糖水平降低至约7.8~10mmol/L(140至180mg/dL)是否能带来额外的益处。[116]Inzucchi SE, Siegel MD. Glucose control in the ICU: how tight is too tight? N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1346-1349.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19318385?tool=bestpractice.comADA 推荐,对于危重患者,应在出现持续性高血糖>10 mmol/L (>180 mg/dL) 的情况下开始胰岛素治疗。一旦开始胰岛素治疗,建议大部分重症患者血糖控制在7.8~10mmol/L(140~180mg/dL)范围内。这些患者需要胰岛素静脉注射治疗方案,既往证实此方案安全有效,并且不增加严重低血糖风险。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
相对于皮下注射,胰岛素静脉注射可以对重症患者进行更为快速的对胰岛素用量进行滴定(而且吸收更为可靠)。在冠状动脉搭桥术 (coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG) 的围手术期,良好的血糖控制可以减少感染并发症,如胸骨创口感染和纵隔炎,泵衰竭引起的心源性死亡,并降低室上性心动过速风险。[117]Kirdemir P, Yildirim V, Kiris I, et al. Does continuous insulin therapy reduce postoperative supraventricular tachycardia incidence after coronary artery bypass operations in diabetic patients? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008;22:383-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18503925?tool=bestpractice.com生存率:有高质量证据表明,通过胰岛素输注进行严格血糖控制对接受 CABG 的患者有益。[118]Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:1007-1021.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771873?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Lazar HL, Chipkin SR, Fitzgerald CA, et al. Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events. Circulation. 2004;109:1497-1502.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/109/12/1497.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15006999?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
血压控制
美国全国联合委员会 (Joint National Commission, JNC 8) 和 ADA 建议糖尿病和高血压患者的一般 BP 控制目标为<140/90 mmHg。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1[71]James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507-520.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1791497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797?tool=bestpractice.com降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,强化血压降低(目标是在 4.7 年内使收缩压<120 mmHg,相比之下目标值为<140 mmHg)并未减少 2 型糖尿病患者的风险(复合结局:非致命性 MI、非致命性卒中或因心血管原因所致死亡)。强化血压降低确实会增加不良事件的风险。[16]Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-1585.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001286#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。ACCORD 试验证明,强化收缩压控制 (<120 mmHg) 相对于标准血压控制 (<140 mmHg) 没有益处。[16]Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1575-1585.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001286#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228401?tool=bestpractice.com最近发表的支持强化收缩压控制的 SPRINT 试验不适合糖尿病人群,因此糖尿病患者被排除在试验之外。[17]Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, et al; SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103-2116.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551272?tool=bestpractice.com所有患者都应当接受相关的生活方式建议,例如体重管理、降低钠摄入量以及体育运动。经常需要联合治疗以达到血压目标。JNC-8 指南推荐,在非黑人、具有高血压的糖尿病患者中,使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)、血管紧张素-II 受体拮抗剂、钙通道阻滞剂或噻嗪类利尿剂作为初始抗高血压治疗方案。[71]James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507-520.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1791497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797?tool=bestpractice.com在黑人患者中,推荐使用钙通道阻滞剂或噻嗪类利尿剂作为初始抗高血压治疗方案。慢性肾病 (CKD) 患者应接受 ACEI 或血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂作为其治疗方案的一部分。[71]James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311:507-520.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1791497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352797?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐联合使用 ACEI 和血管紧张素-II 受体拮抗剂,因为这样会增加急性肾损伤和高钾血症风险。[120]Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Navarese E, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of blood pressure-lowering agents in adults with diabetes and kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2015;385:2047-2056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26009228?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 meta 分析发现,ACEI 可降低糖尿病患者的死亡率和主要心血管事件,而血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂不能改善这些结局。发现 ACEI 和血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂均不能降低糖尿病患者的卒中风险。[121]Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:773-785.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1847572http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24687000?tool=bestpractice.comMeta 分析显示,在糖尿病合并肾病的患者中,没有一种抗高血压治疗方案能改善生存状况。然而,ACEI 和血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂(单用或联合用药)均能有效预防终末期肾病。
糖尿病患者对 β 受体阻滞剂无禁忌,但该药物不是首选药物,并可能掩盖低血糖症状。
血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂与胰岛素或胰岛素促分泌剂(磺脲类或格列奈类)一起使用会增加低血糖风险。[122]Scheen AJ. Drug interactions of clinical importance with antihyperglycaemic agents: an update. Drug Saf. 2005;28:601-631.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15963007?tool=bestpractice.com
根据采用心肾终点评价阿利吉仑用于2 型糖尿病的临床试验 (Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints, ALTITUDE) 的结果,美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 建议,肾素抑制剂阿利吉仑与 ACEI 或血管紧张素 II 受体拮抗剂的联合用药禁用于糖尿病患者,因为该联合用药存在肾损害、低血压或高钾血症风险。FDA: new warning and contraindication for blood pressure medicines containing aliskiren (Tekturna)
血脂异常和他汀类药物治疗
针对降低脂肪摄入量、减肥和增加体育运动等生活方式的调整已被证明可改善糖尿病患者的 HDL 和甘油三酯水平。[89]Wing RR; Look AHEAD Research Group. Long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention on weight and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: four-year results of the Look AHEAD trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1566-1575.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=226013http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20876408?tool=bestpractice.com然而,相同的研究小组发现,与对照组相比,在接受强化干预方案的超重和肥胖 2 型糖尿病患者中,心血管事件没有显著减少。[123]Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:145-154.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1212914#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23796131?tool=bestpractice.com
美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会 (ACC/AHA) 指南推荐,对于年龄>21 岁、适合他汀类药物治疗的成人患者,如果有临床动脉粥样硬化性心血管病 (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, ASCVD) 或 LDL-C≥4.9 mmol/L (≥190 mg/dL),应当接受中等剂量或高剂量他汀类药物。如果不存在 ASCVD 或 LDL-C≥4.9 mmol/L (≥190 mg/dL),但预估 10 年 ASCVD 风险≥7.5%,那么也推荐 40 至 75 岁的糖尿病患者使用高强度他汀类药物;否则,应当使用中等强度他汀类药物治疗。[78]Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889-2934.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1879710http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239923?tool=bestpractice.com对于大于75岁的老年患者,指南建议使用个体化治疗方法。根据ACC/AHA定义,中剂量他汀可使LDL-C水平降低30%-50%,而高剂量他汀可使LDL-C降低≥50%。
药物选择[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
如果需要额外的治疗来实现目标,可能需要增加非他汀类药物,但是对临床终点的影响(如心血管事件)尚未确定。降低心血管风险:有高质量证据表明,2 型糖尿病患者长期使用贝特类药物能够显著降低非致死性心肌梗死的风险,但对死亡率或其他不良心血管结局无显著影响。[124]Saha SA, Arora RR. Fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pooled meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Cardiol. 2010;141:157-166.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232762?tool=bestpractice.com然而,来自 ACCORD 临床试验的高质量证据证明,与他汀类药物单药治疗相比,向他汀类药物治疗中添加贝特类药物并未减少 2 型糖尿病患者的心血管风险(复合结局:在 4.7 年内出现非致命性 MI、非致命性卒中或因心血管原因所致死亡)。[125]Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563-1574.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1001282#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228404?tool=bestpractice.com需要更多的研究来探讨贝特类-他汀类药物联合治疗对2型糖尿病患者心血管结局的效果。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尚未充分证明依折麦布作为他汀类药物辅助治疗的作用,但仍在研究中。[126]Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, et al. Evaluating cardiovascular event reduction with ezetimibe as an adjunct to simvastatin in 18,144 patients after acute coronary syndromes: final baseline characteristics of the IMPROVE-IT study population. Am Heart J. 2014;168:205-212.e1.http://www.ahjonline.com/article/S0002-8703(14)00279-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25066560?tool=bestpractice.com
尚未发现补充n-3脂肪酸能够降低心血管疾病风险较高的糖尿病患者的心血管事件发生率。[127]Bosch J, Gerstein HC, Dagenais GR, et al; ORIGIN Trial Investigators. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:309-318.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203859#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22686415?tool=bestpractice.com
如果他汀类药物治疗中确实存在他汀类药物不耐受或血脂管理次优的情况,可考虑使用前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/kexin 9 型 (PCSK9) 抑制剂予以治疗。
抗血小板疗法
阿司匹林被推荐用于有心血管疾病病史的患者的次级预防。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1年龄在 50 岁或以上并且 10 年心血管疾病风险>10% 的 1 型和 2 型糖尿病人群中,推荐阿司匹林用于初级预防。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1阿司匹林不适用于心血管事件低风险(10 年风险<5%)患者,禁用于年龄<21 岁的人群,因为其有瑞氏综合征风险。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1如果患者对阿司匹林过敏,那么应使用氯吡格雷。发生急性冠脉综合征后,阿司匹林与氯吡格雷联合用药长达一年是合理的,放置冠脉内支架的患者需接受终生阿司匹林治疗。[128]Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:e44-e122.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1147816http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070834?tool=bestpractice.com
戒烟
所有的糖尿病患者应尽量不要吸烟或戒烟。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1吸烟咨询和其他形式的戒烟疗法应被纳入常规的糖尿病治疗。[1]American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(suppl 1):S1-S129.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/40/Supplement_1
ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)
对于ST段抬高型心肌梗死的糖尿病患者,直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)优于溶栓治疗。[129]O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2013;127:e362-e425.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/4/e362.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23247304?tool=bestpractice.com一项随机对照试验(RCT)研究了皮冠状动脉介入治疗早期围手术期强化血糖控制对ST段抬高型心肌梗死的高血糖患者(血糖≥140mg/dL[7.8mmol/L])再狭窄发生率的影响,该研究结果表明,与常规血糖控制相比,强化血糖控制能够减少50%的6月期再狭窄。[130]Marfella R, Sasso FC, Siniscalchi M, et al. Peri-procedural tight glycemic control during early percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with a lower rate of in-stent restenosis in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2862-2871.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22639289?tool=bestpractice.com一项涵盖11项临床试验数据的分析比较了经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)与溶栓治疗,该分析针对的患者为2725例ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,其中367例为糖尿病患者。[131]Grines C, Patel A, Zijlstra F, et al. Primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: six-month follow up and analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Am Heart J. 2003;145:47-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12514654?tool=bestpractice.com在糖尿病患者中,接受纤维蛋白溶解治疗的患者的30天死亡率或非致死性再梗死率为19.3%,而对于接受直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术治疗的患者来说,该数据为9.2%。
非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)
对于有非ST段抬高型心肌梗死的糖尿病患者,两项大型随机对照试验表明,前48h内积极行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术治疗有助于提高生存率。生存率:有高质量证据表明,在非 ST 段抬高型 MI 发作后 48 小时内,进行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA) 对患者有益。[132]Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1879-1887.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200106213442501#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11419424?tool=bestpractice.com[133]Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Husted S, et al. Outcome at 1 year after an invasive compared with a non-invasive strategy in unstable coronary-artery disease: the FRISC II invasive randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356:9-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10892758?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
一项荟萃分析涉及6项大型试验,涵盖23072例非ST段抬高型心肌梗死或不稳定型心绞痛患者(6458例糖尿病患者),在该荟萃分析中,糖蛋白IIb/IIIa受体抑制剂可降低糖尿病患者的死亡率。糖蛋白IIb/IIIa受体抑制剂还能够降低接受经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术来治疗非ST段抬高型心肌梗死或不稳定型心绞痛的糖尿病患者的死亡率。生存率:有高质量证据表明,糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 受体抑制剂对非 ST 段抬高型 MI 的治疗有益(无论患者是否进行经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 [PTCA])。[134]Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e652-e735.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/23/e652.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064599?tool=bestpractice.com[135]Roffi M, Chew DP, Mukherjee D, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce mortality in diabetic patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001;104:2767-2771.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/104/23/2767.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733392?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
左主干病变或多血管病变的血运重建
2012 年 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS 稳定型缺血性心脏病指南指出,在糖尿病和多血管病变患者中, CABG 和 PCI 相比,首选前者是合理的。[136]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:e44-e164.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1391404http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182125?tool=bestpractice.com然而,2014 年 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS 稳定型缺血性心脏病指南的重点更新做出补充,患有复杂多血管 CAD 的糖尿病患者应当采用心脏团队 (Heart Team) 方法进行血运重建,包括做介入治疗的心内科医生和心脏外科医生。[137]Fihn SD, Blankenship JC, Alexander KP, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1929-1949.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1891717http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25077860?tool=bestpractice.com它还指出,一般而言,在患有多血管 CAD 的糖尿病患者中,相对于 PCI 优先推荐 CABG 用于改善生存情况,因为机械性血运重建有可能改善生存情况。如果使用 LIMA-LAD(left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending artery:左乳内动脉-左前降支动脉)移植并且患者很适合手术,尤其推荐 CABG。
同一指南还推荐 CABG 用于左主干病变。指南承认,对于左主干病变,在高风险外科手术疾病或 PCI 低风险患者中,考虑 PCI 治疗是合理的。一项试验(EXCEL;约 30% 的参与者患有糖尿病)发现,就 3 年时的 MI、卒中或死亡率这些终点而言,PCI 不劣于 CABG。[138]Stone GW, Sabik JF, Serruys PW, et al. Everolimus-eluting stents or bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2223-2235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797291?tool=bestpractice.com在糖尿病人群中,CABG 后的死亡率更高。然而,对于糖尿病患者,有指征冠状动脉旁路移植术后的生存率高于药物治疗或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗之后的生存率。[134]Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;124:e652-e735.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/124/23/e652.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064599?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Kapur A, Hall RJ, Malik IS, et al. Randomized comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting in diabetic patients: 1-year results of the CARDia (Coronary Artery Revascularization in Diabetes) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:432-440.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20117456?tool=bestpractice.com生存率:有高质量证据表明,对于三支血管病变,CABG 优于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。[140]Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigators. Seven-year outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) by treatment and diabetic status. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1122-1129.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10758950?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Flaherty JD, Davidson CJ. Diabetes and coronary revascularization. JAMA. 2005;293:1501-1508.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=200563http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784875?tool=bestpractice.com此外,一项实验比较了冠状动脉旁路移植术和药物洗脱支架,关于该试验的亚组分析发现,左主干和/或三支病变的糖尿病患者,相对于冠状动脉旁路移植术,接受药物洗脱支架治疗者的一年期主要不良心脏和心血管事件的发生率更高,主要是因为需要再次血运重建。然而,血运重建方法不会影响死亡/中风/心肌梗死发生率。和无糖尿病者相比,两种手术的糖尿病者死亡风险均升高。高度复杂冠脉病变的糖尿病患者,药物洗脱支架术后的死亡率高于冠状动脉旁路移植术。[142]Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP; SYNTAX Investigators. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:961-972.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228612?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, et al. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1067-1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079596?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
将重要试验总结如下:
在伴有左冠状动脉主干病变和/或 3 支血管 CAD 的糖尿病患者中,SYNTAX 试验发现,与进行 CABG 的患者相比,接受 PCI 治疗的患者的重复血运重建和主要心血管不良事件或脑血管不良事件的发生率较高。[144]Mohr FW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet. 2013;381:629-638.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23439102?tool=bestpractice.com[145]Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Morice MC, et al; SYNTAX Investigators. Treatment of complex coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes: 5-year results comparing outcomes of bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in the SYNTAX trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;43:1006-1013.http://ejcts.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/5/1006.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413014?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,全因死亡、卒中或心肌梗死的发生率没有差异。
FREEDOM 试验评估了伴有多支冠状动脉疾病(定义为至少有两支心外膜血管狭窄>70% 并且无左主干病变)的糖尿病患者,结果发现在减少死亡和心肌梗死方面,CABG 优于 PCI,但 CABG 患者的卒中发生率升高。[146]Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, et al; FREEDOM Trial Investigators. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:2375-2384.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1211585#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23121323?tool=bestpractice.com
埃默里血管成形术和外科手术研究(EAST)的亚组分析和冠状动脉腔内成形术与旁路血管成形术(CABRI)试验表明,对于三支病变来说,冠状动脉旁路移植术的长期生存率往往优于经皮冠状动脉介入术。[141]Flaherty JD, Davidson CJ. Diabetes and coronary revascularization. JAMA. 2005;293:1501-1508.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=200563http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784875?tool=bestpractice.com
动脉血运重建试验 (Arterial Revascularization Trial, ART) 在多血管病变患者中对 CABG 与使用裸金属支架的 PCI 治疗进行了比较。[147]Berry C, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG. Coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes: part II: recent advances in coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:643-656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291929?tool=bestpractice.com糖尿病患者亚组分析显示,冠状动脉旁路移植术的一年无事件生存率为84.4%,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的一年无事件生存率为63.4%。[147]Berry C, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG. Coronary heart disease in patients with diabetes: part II: recent advances in coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:643-656.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17291929?tool=bestpractice.com多个研究比较了冠状动脉旁路移植术和使用药物洗脱支架的经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,这些研究表明,糖尿病是靶病变再狭窄的独立预测因子。[141]Flaherty JD, Davidson CJ. Diabetes and coronary revascularization. JAMA. 2005;293:1501-1508.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=200563http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15784875?tool=bestpractice.com[143]Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, et al. Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:1067-1075.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20079596?tool=bestpractice.com对于糖尿病人群,在主要心脏不良事件(例如死亡、心肌梗死或需要重复血运重建)方面,药物洗脱支架似乎优于裸金属支架。[148]Maresta A, Varani E, Balducci M, et al. Comparison of effectiveness and safety of sirolimus-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in patients with diabetes mellitus (from the Italian Multicenter Randomized DESSERT Study). Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:1560-1566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18489933?tool=bestpractice.com[149]Mahmud E, Bromberg-Marin G, Palakodeti V, et al. Clinical efficacy of drug-eluting stents in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2385-2395.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565394?tool=bestpractice.com[150]Garg P, Normand SL, Silbaugh TS, et al. Drug-eluting or bare-metal stenting in patients with diabetes mellitus: results from the Massachusetts Data Analysis Center Registry. Circulation. 2008;118:2277-2285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001019?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Frye RL, August P, Brooks MM, et al. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2503-2515.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0805796#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19502645?tool=bestpractice.com[152]De Luca G, Dirksen MT, Spaulding C, et al; DESERT Cooperation. Meta-analysis comparing efficacy and safety of first generation drug-eluting stents to bare-metal stents in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:1295-1304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23490029?tool=bestpractice.com
单血管病变的血运重建
2012 年 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS 稳定型缺血性心脏病指南推荐,在近端左前降支动脉 (LAD) 病变的患者中,使用左乳内动脉 (LIMA) 移植的 CABG 优于 PCI,对于单支近端血管 LAD 病变患者,无需区分有无糖尿病。[136]Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:e44-e164.http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=1391404http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182125?tool=bestpractice.com然而,根据近期欧洲心脏病学会 (European Society of Cardiology, ESC) 指南,推荐 PCI 用于单血管、非近端 LAD 病变患者。[153]Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S, et al; Task Force Members. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2949-3003.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/38/2949.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996286?tool=bestpractice.com