新型抗抑郁药
许多新药和旧药的改进剂型正处在研发中,不同于传统抗抑郁药,他们都有一个基本的作用机制——单胺类神经递质。[218]Fornaro M. Beyond monoamines towards the development of novel antidepressants. Journal of Psychopathology. 2012;18:226-33.http://www.jpsychopathol.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/04Fornaro1.pdf[219]Connolly KR, Thase ME. Emerging drugs for major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2012 Mar;17(1):105-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339643?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然自2013年以来,沃替西汀已被批准用于重度抑郁症,但有初步证据表明它对合并有严重焦虑的患者有效。[220]Menezes D, Laranjo L, Marmeleira J. Criterion-related validity of the short form of the international physical activity questionnaire in adults who are deaf. Disabil Health J. 2017 Jan;10(1):33-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27472960?tool=bestpractice.com赛洛西宾是一种迷幻药物,对于治疗抵抗性抑郁症,已获得美国食品和药品监督管理局(FDA)授予的突破性治疗指定。[221]Rucker JJ, Jelen LA, Flynn S, et al. Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders: a systematic review. J Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;30(12):1220-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27856684?tool=bestpractice.com
艾氯胺酮(esketamine)鼻喷雾剂
2019年3月, 美国 FDA 批准了艾氯胺酮(esketamine)鼻喷雾剂,该喷雾剂将与口服抗抑郁药物一起,用于成人难治性抑郁症。 根据风险评估和缓解策略(REMS),处方药仅可通过限制性配发系统获取,其中处方者和患者均需签署患者登记表单。该药物须由患者自行用药,患者则由经过认证的医疗机构的医务人员进行监督,由于存在镇静风险,注意力不集中、判断和思维困难(解离症)、自杀意念和行为,以及滥用药物的可能性,患者至少需要给予监测2小时。请注意,控制不良的高血压或先前已存在的动脉瘤性血管疾病患者可能会增加心血管或脑血管不良影响的风险。艾氯胺酮(esketamine)的疗效在三个短期(四周)的临床试验和一个长期的效果维持试验中进行了评估。[222]ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of fixed doses of intranasal esketamine plus an oral antidepressant in adult participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRANSFORM-1). 21 February 2019 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02417064?term=esketamine&recrs=e&cond=Depression[226]ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of flexible doses of intranasal esketamine plus an oral antidepressant in adult participants with treatment-resistant depression (TRANSFORM-2). 31 May 2018 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02418585[223]van de Loo AJAE, Bervoets AC, Mooren L, et al. The effects of intranasal esketamine (84 mg) and oral mirtazapine (30 mg) on on-road driving performance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Nov;234(21):3175-83.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5660834/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28755104?tool=bestpractice.com[224]ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of intranasal esketamine plus an oral antidepressant for relapse prevention in adult participants with treatment-resistant depression (SUSTAIN-1). 15 February 2019 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02493868[225]ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the effects of a single-dose and repeat-administration of intranasal esketamine on on-road driving in participants with major depressive disorder (DriveSaFe2). 25 September 2018 [internet publication].https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02919579?term=esketamine+driving&cond=Depression&rank=1 在一项短期研究中,与安慰剂相比,艾氯胺酮(esketamine)鼻喷雾剂对抑郁症的严重程度具有统计学显著影响,并且在两天内观察到一些治疗效果。另外两项短期试验没有显示出统计学意义上的有效性。在长期药效维持试验中,与安慰性鼻喷雾剂加口服抗抑郁药相比,艾氯胺酮(esketamine)加口服抗抑郁药使得抑郁症状复发时间发生有统计学意义的显著延长。最常见的副作用是解离症、头晕、恶心、镇静、眩晕、感觉或敏感性下降(感觉减退)、焦虑、嗜睡、血压升高、呕吐和宿醉感。欧洲药品管理局目前正在审查批准艾氯胺酮(esketamine)一次性使用鼻喷剂的申请,预计将于2019年获批。
经颅磁刺激治疗法 (TMS)
证据显示,针对左前额叶皮质的高频重复经颅磁刺激有抗抑郁作用。[227]Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):835-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727683?tool=bestpractice.com 最佳实践指南正在撰写。[228]Perera T, George MS, Grammer G, et al. The Clinical TMS Society consensus review and treatment recommendations for TMS therapy for major depressive disorder. Brain Stimul. 2016 May-Jun;9(3):336-46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5612370/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27090022?tool=bestpractice.com 一组电容快速放电至线圈中,产生磁场脉冲。将线圈放置于患者头部附近,磁场穿过大脑,进而诱发大脑皮质电场。足够强度的电场能够让皮质神经元去极化,产生动作电位,起到生物学的作用。[227]Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):835-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727683?tool=bestpractice.com 不伴有精神病性症状,年龄较小是预后的有利因素。[227]Gershon AA, Dannon PN, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 May;160(5):835-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727683?tool=bestpractice.com 文献综述中对 TMS 在抑郁中的获益说法不一,[229]Martin JLR, Barbanoj MJ, Schlaepfer TE, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003493.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003493/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12076483?tool=bestpractice.com[230]Herrmann LLE. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Psychiatry. 2009;8:130-4.[231]Allan CL, Herrmann LL, Ebmeier KP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the management of mood disorders. Neuropsychobiology. 2011;64(3):163-9.http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?DOI=10.1159/000328951http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21811086?tool=bestpractice.com[232]Wasserman D, Rihmer Z, Rujescu D,et al. The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on suicide treatment and prevention. Eur Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;27(2):129-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137775?tool=bestpractice.com 一些证据表明它跟当前的抗抑郁治疗具有协同作用。[233]Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation accelerates and enhances the clinical response to antidepressants in major depression: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;74(2):e122-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23473357?tool=bestpractice.com 在耐久性研究中, TMS 疗法已被证明具有持久的效果, 并可成功地用作间歇性救援策略, 以防止即将复发。[234]Janicak PG, Nahas Z, Lisanby SH, et al. Durability of clinical benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pharmacoresistant major depression: assessment of relapse during a 6-month, multisite, open-label study. Brain Stimul. 2010 Oct;3(4):187-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965447?tool=bestpractice.com 基于样本量较小的证据,此疗法对妊娠期患者而言似乎安全有效,但是数据有限且需要进一步的对照研究。[235]Felipe RM, Ferrão YA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of major depression during pregnancy: a review. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2016 Oct-Dec;38(4):190-7.http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2237-60892016000400190&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=enhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28076639?tool=bestpractice.com 目前正在进行研究以确定治疗参数的变化是否会影响结局。[236]Brunoni AR, Chaimani A, Moffa AH, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the acute treatment of major depressive episodes: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 1;74(2):143-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28030740?tool=bestpractice.com 其他证据表明,TMS 与假 TMS 治疗在抑郁患者中效果并没有差异。[237]Couturier JL. Efficacy of rapid-rate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2005 Mar;30(2):83-90.http://jpn.ca/vol30-issue2/30-2-83/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15798783?tool=bestpractice.com 需要大样本的研究。[238]Lopez-Ibor JJ, Lopez-Ibor MI, Pastrana JI. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;21(6):640-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18852574?tool=bestpractice.com
非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)
关于 NSAID 治疗抑郁的疗效的系统评价和 meta 分析表明,该类药物针对此适应证可能有效(特别是塞来昔布)且安全;不过,需要进行进一步研究以确定在哪些患者中 NSAID 可能最有效。[239]Kohler O, Benros ME, Nordentoft M, et al. Effect of anti-inflammatory treatment on depression, depressive symptoms, and adverse effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 Dec 1;71(12):1381-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25322082?tool=bestpractice.com
迷走神经刺激 (VNS)
VNS 靠一种被称为较迷走神经刺激治疗系统的商业装置来刺激左颈迷走神经。[240]Grimm S, Bajbouj M. Efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010 Jan;10(1):87-92.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20021323?tool=bestpractice.com 怀表大小的发生器被植入左胸壁皮下,连接到两附于左迷走神经的电极。[241]Carpenter LL, Friehs GM, Tyrka AR, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant depression. Med Health RI. 2006 Apr;89(4):137;140-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676910?tool=bestpractice.com 发生器被设定为循环不断地产生轻微电刺激,一般周期为 30 秒的电刺激,5 分钟的间隔期。[241]Carpenter LL, Friehs GM, Tyrka AR, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant depression. Med Health RI. 2006 Apr;89(4):137;140-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676910?tool=bestpractice.com VNS 在加拿大、欧洲、美国被批准用于慢性抑郁患者长期辅助治疗,要求患者≥18 岁,处于重性抑郁发作期,对≥4 种足量抗抑郁治疗反应欠佳。[242]Howland RH. Vagus nerve stimulation for depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2006 Sep;44(9):11-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989326?tool=bestpractice.com[243]Murphy JV, Patil A. Stimulation of the nervous system for the management of seizures: current and future developments. CNS Drugs. 2003;17(2):101-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521358?tool=bestpractice.com 一项荟萃分析并没有找到结论性的证据,证明VNS在抑郁治疗中的有效性。[244]Martin JL, Martín-Sánchez E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of depression: variable results based on study designs. Eur Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;27(3):147-55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137776?tool=bestpractice.com
脑深部电刺激 (DBS)
前脑结构 DBS 对一小群个体的治疗抵抗性抑郁呈现出很有希望的作用,但它远非常规治疗,也不是低风险治疗。[245]Bergfeld IO, Mantione M, Hoogendoorn ML, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule for treatment-resistant depression: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 May 1;73(5):456-64.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049915?tool=bestpractice.com 由于样本量较少且随机对照数据不足,因此其结果有局限性。[246]Naesström M, Blomstedt P, Bodlund O. A systematic review of psychiatric indications for deep brain stimulation, with focus on major depressive and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nord J Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;70(7):483-91.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27103550?tool=bestpractice.com[247]Mosley PE, Marsh R, Carter A. Deep brain stimulation for depression: Scientific issues and future directions. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2015 Nov;49(11):967-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26276049?tool=bestpractice.com
经颅直流电刺激 (Transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS)
在治疗定位和耐受性方面与 TMS 相似,但 tDCS 采用电流而非磁场。一些研究显示效果强弱与 TMS 类似,[248]Brunoni AR, Moffa AH, Fregni F, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for acute major depressive episodes: meta-analysis of individual patient data. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;208(6):522-31.http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/208/6/522.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056623?tool=bestpractice.com但其他试验的结果出现差异。[249]Brunoni AR, Moffa AH, Sampaio-Junior B, et al. Trial of electrical direct-current therapy versus escitalopram for depression. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 29;376(26):2523-33.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1612999http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28657871?tool=bestpractice.com 与在治疗抵抗性抑郁方面的疗效相比,tDCS 对急性抑郁患者的疗效似乎更佳,且似乎是一种相对安全的选择,迄今为止只发现有轻微不良反应。[250]Palm U, Hasan A, Strube W, et al. tDCS for the treatment of depression: a comprehensive review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016 Dec;266(8):681-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26842422?tool=bestpractice.com
哌甲酯和甲状腺激素
哌甲酯和甲状腺素单用或与其他治疗合用的获益仍具有争议。[251]Papakostas GI, Cooper-Kazaz R, Appelhof BC, et al. Simultaneous initiation (coinitiation) of pharmacotherapy with triiodothyronine and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor for major depressive disorder: a quantitative synthesis of double-blind studies. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 Jan;24(1):19-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092448?tool=bestpractice.com[252]Obrocea GVM. Thyroid hormone augmentation in treatment-refractory depression. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2008;6(1):3-10.[253]Hardy SE. Methylphenidate for the treatment of depressive symptoms, including fatigue and apathy, in medically ill older adults and terminally ill adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2009 Feb;7(1):34-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19281939?tool=bestpractice.com[254]Cooper-Kazaz R, Lerer B. Efficacy and safety of triiodothyronine supplementation in patients with major depressive disorder treated with specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;11(5):685-99.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18047754?tool=bestpractice.com[255]Candy M, Jones L, Williams R, et al. Psychostimulants for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD006722.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006722.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425966?tool=bestpractice.com
营养食品
在某些研究中,现已发现辅助使用药物级营养物(例如 S-腺苷甲硫氨酸 [SAMe]、乙酰半胱氨酸、甲基叶酸、ω-3 脂肪酸、维生素 D 等)在提高患者对抗抑郁药反应方面有效,且给患者增加的风险极小(如有)。[256]Sarris J, Murphy J, Mischoulon D, et al. Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Jun 1;173(6):575-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27113121?tool=bestpractice.com[257]De Berardis D, Orsolini L, Serroni N, et al. A comprehensive review on the efficacy of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in major depressive disorder. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2016;15(1):35-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26295824?tool=bestpractice.com[258]Mocking RJ, Harmsen I, Assies J, et al. Meta-analysis and meta-regression of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 15;6:e756.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4872453/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26978738?tool=bestpractice.com[259]Fernandes BS, Dean OM, Dodd S, et al. N-Acetylcysteine in depressive symptoms and functionality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Apr;77(4):e457-66.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27137430?tool=bestpractice.com由于观察到抑郁患者的血清叶酸水平低于非抑郁患者(包括未患抑郁的精神疾病患者),因此叶酸受到了特别关注。[47]Morris DW, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. Folate and unipolar depression. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Apr;14(3):277-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18370582?tool=bestpractice.com 补充叶酸对于抑郁伴有叶酸缺乏的患者可能有益。对于从未接受过治疗或难治性的抑郁患者,在标准抗抑郁药治疗中添加叶酸也可能有效;但其结果并不一致。[47]Morris DW, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. Folate and unipolar depression. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Apr;14(3):277-85.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18370582?tool=bestpractice.com[260]Bedson E, Bell D, Carr D, et al. Folate augmentation of treatment-evaluation for depression (FolATED): randomised trial and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2014 Jul;18(48):vii-viii;1-159.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta18480/#/full-reporthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25052890?tool=bestpractice.com 给予具有亚综合征抑郁症状的超重患者多种营养素(ω-3脂肪酸,硒,叶酸和维生素D3加钙)、治疗措施(组或个体)、或其联合的一项2×2 析因随机临床试验表明,多种营养素在1年内并未减少重度抑郁症的发作。[261]Bot M, Brouwer IA, Roca M, et al. Effect of multinutrient supplementation and food-related behavioral activation therapy on prevention of major depressive disorder among overweight or obese adults with subsyndromal depressive symptoms: the MooDFOOD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Mar 5;321(9):858-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30835307?tool=bestpractice.com
N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA)-特异性药物
多种 NMDA 特异性药物在缓解抑郁方面取得了一定的效果,氯胺酮便是其中一种;[262]Caddy C, Amit BH, McCloud TL, et al. Ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 23;(9):CD011612.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011612.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26395901?tool=bestpractice.com 然而因为数据太有限,因此它不能成为抑郁症的标准治疗方法。[263]Sanacora G, Frye MA, McDonald W, et al. A consensus statement on the use of ketamine in the treatment of mood disorders. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Apr 1;74(4):399-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28249076?tool=bestpractice.com 在病例报告、病例系列和某些临床试验中,氯胺酮可以快速降低许多抑郁量表的评分。[264]Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;170(10):1134-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3992936/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23982301?tool=bestpractice.com[265]Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, et al. Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2017 Mar;21(1):2-12.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28097909?tool=bestpractice.com在一项多中心临床试验中,氯胺酮静脉给药在 2 周期间显示出持续疗效。[266]Singh JB, Fedgchin M, Daly EJ, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-frequency study of intravenous ketamine in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Aug 1;173(8):816-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056608?tool=bestpractice.com 一项纳入 60 篇文章的系统评价研究了氯胺酮单剂量和重复给药在治疗成人抑郁症方面的副作用,研究结果发现急性副作用很常见,且更可能出现在接受静脉内氯胺酮给药的患者中。大多数副作用在药物治疗后很快消退。这些副作用包括精神疾病(最常见的是焦虑)、拟精神病、心血管和神经学等方面。最常见的躯体反应为头痛、眩晕、意识分裂、血压升高和视力模糊。[267]Short B, Fong J, Galvez V, et al. Side-effects associated with ketamine use in depression: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Jan;5(1):65-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28757132?tool=bestpractice.com不过,尚不清楚其长期使用的安全性和疗效。[268]Covvey JR, Crawford AN, Lowe DK. Intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Jan;46(1):117-23.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22190250?tool=bestpractice.com[269]Newport DJ, Carpenter LL, McDonald WM, et al; APA Council of Research Task Force on Novel Biomarkers and Treatments. Ketamine and other NMDA antagonists: early clinical trials and possible mechanisms in depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Oct;172(10):950-66.http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15040465http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26423481?tool=bestpractice.com在其他患者群体中重复使用氯胺酮已被证实与泌尿系统和肝毒性、认知缺陷以及药物依赖有关。[267]Short B, Fong J, Galvez V, et al. Side-effects associated with ketamine use in depression: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Jan;5(1):65-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28757132?tool=bestpractice.com
遗传药理学
快速且价格相对便宜的基因检测出现后,基因检测便得到了广泛的应用以指导抗抑郁药物的选择。该检测通常传递两类信息:一些检测发现得到证实的与治疗反应变化相关的关键酶的等位基因变异型;大多数显示个体的肝药物代谢酶变异。[270]Nassan M, Nicholson WT, Elliott MA, et al. Pharmacokinetic pharmacogenetic prescribing guidelines for antidepressants: a template for psychiatric precision medicine. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016 Jul;91(7):897-907.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27289413?tool=bestpractice.com 根据此信息无法确定哪些药物可能对患者有效,但能确定应该对患者使用高剂量药物(代谢速度快的患者会在药物充分灌注大脑之前将其排出体外)还是低剂量药物(代谢速度慢的患者可能发现推荐的药物剂量具有无法忍耐的副作用)。这些检测可能改善结局,[271]Rosenblat JD, Lee Y, McIntyre RS. Does pharmacogenomic testing improve clinical outcomes for major depressive disorder? A systematic review of clinical trials and cost-effectiveness studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jun;78(6):720-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28068459?tool=bestpractice.com 但在实践中尚未证明其具有成本效益。药物基因组学分析尚未推荐用于常规使用。[81]Peterson K, Dieperink E, Anderson J, et al. Rapid evidence review of the comparative effectiveness, harms, and cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics-guided antidepressant treatment versus usual care for major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Jun;234(11):1649-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28456840?tool=bestpractice.com