现在已经认识维生素 D 缺乏症还会增加许多慢性疾病的风险,包括癌症、自身免疫性疾病、2 型糖尿病、心脏病和高血压和传染病(包括上呼吸道感染和结核病),以及骨关节炎。[1]Hossein-Nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:720-755.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(13)00404-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790560?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911-1930.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2011-0385http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646368?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Sabetta JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11088.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0011088http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20559424?tool=bestpractice.com 20 世纪 80 年代和 20 世纪 90 年代,几位研究者独立报告了流行病学研究结果,研究评估了癌症、1型糖尿病、多发性硬化(MS)、精神分裂症、高血压风险与在较高纬度地区生活的关系。[1]Hossein-Nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:720-755.http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(13)00404-7/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790560?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911-1930.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2011-0385http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646368?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer. 2002;94:1867-1875.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.10427/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11920550?tool=bestpractice.com 生活在较高纬度会导致太阳辐射进入地球的天顶角角度加大,因而会导致 UVB 辐射量减小,而 UVB负责产生维生素 D。 一项在加利福尼亚的研究表明,总体上,结肠癌的复发率随纬度增加而增加,纬度每增加一度,复发率提高 7.5-10.5%,且与人种无关。[65]Holick MF. The D-batable Institute of Medicine report: a D-lightful perspective. Endocrine Prac. 2011;17:143-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21306974?tool=bestpractice.com在赤道附近出生的人发生1型糖尿病的风险降低 10-15 倍,多发性硬化(MS)的风险降低100%。[17]Sedrani SH. Are Saudis at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency? Saudi Med J. 1986;7:427-433.[35]Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1340-1349.http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=414333http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18574092?tool=bestpractice.com 血压与纬度直接相关,在高纬度和冬季末出生的人和儿童发生精神分裂症的风险较高。[36]Melamed ML, Muntner P, Michos ED, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease: results from NHANES 2001 to 2004. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:1179-1185.http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/28/6/1179.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417640?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Pilz S, Dobnig H, Fischer JE, et al. Low vitamin D levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography. Stroke. 2008;39:2611-2613.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/39/9/2611.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635847?tool=bestpractice.com 一篇系统性综述指出,男性和女性癌症死亡率与太阳 UVB 的照射呈负相关。[65]Holick MF. The D-batable Institute of Medicine report: a D-lightful perspective. Endocrine Prac. 2011;17:143-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21306974?tool=bestpractice.com在 24 年的时间里(1970 年-1994 年),共有 566400 名美国人因为太阳 UVB 照射不足患上 13 种癌症中的一种而过早死亡。[19]Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer. 2002;94:1867-1875.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.10427/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11920550?tool=bestpractice.com 美国医学研究所(IOM)没有重视这些关联研究,因为这些支持维生素 D 非骨骼益处的证据质量太低。[64]Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. 2011. http://www.nap.edu/ (last accessed 14 November 2016).http://www.nap.edu/read/13050/chapter/1 其他研究也对维生素补充剂防治癌症、心血管事件和认知下降的价值和效果提出了质疑。[42]Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, et al. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:824-834.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767855http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24217421?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Lamas GA, Boineau R, Goertz C, et al; TACT (Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy) Investigators. Oral high-dose multivitamins and minerals after myocardial infarction: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:797-805.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24490264?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Grodstein, F, O’Brien J, Kang JH, et al. Long-term multivitamin supplementation and cognitive function in men: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:806-814.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24490265?tool=bestpractice.com
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