2 型糖尿病 (type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 的患病率增长迅速,尤其在美国。2015 年期间,在美国被诊断为糖尿病的人数估计为 2310 万(占美国人口的 7.2%)。在这些糖尿病患者中,估计约 95% 患有 2 型糖尿病。[8]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report 2017. 2017 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf在总患者人数中,儿童和 18 岁以下的青少年共计 13.2 万(占美国 18 岁以下人口总数的 0.18%)。[8]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report 2017. 2017 [internet publication].https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf
在美国,从 2011 年到 2012 年,10 至 19 岁青少年 2 型糖尿病的患病率由 9.0/100,000 增加到了 12.5/100,000。[9]Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 13;376(15):1419-29.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5592722/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28402773?tool=bestpractice.com 有色人种和少数民族的增长幅度最大。
早在 1979 年,美国印第安儿童被首次报道患 2 型糖尿病,患病率为 1%。[10]Savage PJ, Bennett PH, Senter RG, et al. High prevalence of diabetes in young Pima Indians. Diabetes. 1979 Oct;28(10):937-42.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/478185?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,大部分儿童期发病的 2 型糖尿病患儿有高风险种族背景;这些背景包括黑种人、拉丁美洲裔、美国印第安人、亚裔或太平洋岛民。[11]Acton KJ, Burrows NR, Moore K, et al. Trends in diabetes prevalence among American Indian and Alaska native children, adolescents, and young adults. Am J Public Health. 2002 Sep;92(9):1485-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447266/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12197981?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Gahagan S, Silverstein J. Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children, with special emphasis on American Indian and Alaska Native children. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Native American Child Health. Pediatrics. 2003 Oct;112(4):e328.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/4/e328.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14523221?tool=bestpractice.com 在 1990-1998 年间,美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民的孩子被诊断为 2 型糖尿病的数量增长了 71%。[11]Acton KJ, Burrows NR, Moore K, et al. Trends in diabetes prevalence among American Indian and Alaska native children, adolescents, and young adults. Am J Public Health. 2002 Sep;92(9):1485-90.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447266/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12197981?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管不同国家的风险组存在差异,但是就全球范围而言,亚洲人的风险最高。[13]Matyka KA. Type 2 diabetes in childhood: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Br Med Bull. 2008;86:59-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18515272?tool=bestpractice.com 与白种儿童比较,具有印度-亚裔血统者患肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、肥胖导致的代谢紊乱的年龄更早,与体重指数 (BMI) 接近者相比,中心性肥胖的趋势更明显。[14]Bhardwaj S, Misra A, Khurana L, et al. Childhood obesity in Asian Indians: a burgeoning cause of insulin resistance, diabetes and sub-clinical inflammation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(suppl 1):172-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18296330?tool=bestpractice.com 在南加州,1/3 的拉丁美裔儿童和青少年患有糖尿病,而在德克萨斯州南部,此类人群中的 2/3 患有 2 型糖尿病。[15]Glaser NS, Jones KL. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Mexican-American children. West J Med. 1998 Jan;168(1):11-6.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1304744/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448482?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Neufeld ND, Raffel LF, Landon C, et al. Early presentation of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American youth. Diabetes Care. 1998 Jan;21(1):80-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9538974?tool=bestpractice.com 在辛辛那提,阿肯色州和德克萨斯州,黑人儿童2型糖尿病的患者占70%-75%,表明不同种族背景的胰岛素敏感性存在差异。[17]Pihoker C, Scott CR, Lensing SY. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in African-American youths of Arkansas. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998 Feb;37(2):97-102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9492117?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Upchurch SL, Brosnan CA, Meininger JC, et al. Characteristics of 98 children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by their health care provider at initial presentation. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jul;26(7):2209.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/7/2209.1.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832339?tool=bestpractice.com
在全球范围内,儿童 2 型糖尿病的发病率和患病率在各国/地区之间差异很大,其中欧洲国家的发病率最低。[19]Fazeli Farsani S, van der Aa MP, van der Vorst MM, et al. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia. 2013 Jul;56(7):1471-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23677041?tool=bestpractice.com2012-2013 年间,在英国 16 岁以下的青少年中,2 型糖尿病的总体患病率为 2.9/100,000。[20]Khanolkar AR, Amin R, Taylor-Robinson D, et al. Ethnic minorities are at greater risk for childhood-onset type 2 diabetes and poorer glycemic control in England and Wales. J Adolesc Health. 2016 Sep;59(3):354-61.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27426206?tool=bestpractice.com2014 年,丹麦居民中儿童和青少年的 2 型糖尿病患病率为 0.6/100,000。[21]Oester IM, Kloppenborg JT, Olsen BS, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Danish children and adolescents in 2014. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Aug;17(5):368-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26111830?tool=bestpractice.com一项针对德国儿童和青少年 2 型糖尿病的研究表明,2016 年的患病率为 2.42/100,000。[22]Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S, et al. No change in type 2 diabetes prevalence in children and adolescents over 10 years: update of a population-based survey in South Germany. Pediatr Diabetes. 2017 Dec 12 [Epub ahead of print].http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29235225?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,女性比男性更易受累,尤其是在本土北美人(4:1 至 6:1)、黑人 (1.7:1) 或拉丁美洲裔 (1:1) 中。[23]Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005 May;146(5):693-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15870677?tool=bestpractice.com 诊断2型糖尿病患儿的平均年龄为13.5岁(青春期阶段)。[24]Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, et al. Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiological review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr. 2000 May;136(5):664-72.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10802501?tool=bestpractice.com 在科威特 6-18 岁的儿童中,2 型糖尿病的患病率为 34.9/100,000,男性明显多于女性(男性 47.3,95% CI:28.7-65.8;女性 26.3,95% CI:14.8-37.8)。[25]Moussa MA, Alsaeid M, Abdella N, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti children and adolescents. Med Princ Pract. 2008;17(4):270-5.https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/129604http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18523392?tool=bestpractice.com
青年患者2型糖尿病患病率的增高,与肥胖患病率的增高相辅相成。 国家健康和营养检查调查发现,2003-2006年间,2-19岁的儿童中超重(BMI 大于同年龄组第85百分位)比例达31.9%,肥胖(BMI大于同年龄组第97百分位)比例11.3%。 从 1980 年开始,除了儿童期肥胖的发生率翻倍,肥胖的严重程度也大大增加。[26]Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006. JAMA. 2008 May 28;299(20):2401-5.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1028638http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505949?tool=bestpractice.com在日本、泰国、中国、印度、新西兰、澳大利亚和整个欧洲发现,儿童 2 型糖尿病的患病率随着肥胖发生率的增加而增加。[23]Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005 May;146(5):693-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15870677?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Strauss RS, Pollack HA. Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998. JAMA. 2001 Dec 12;286(22):2845-8.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=194443http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735760?tool=bestpractice.com 一项英国研究发现,2 型糖尿病的年发病率为 0.53/100,000,而具有黑人和南亚血统者的发病率更高。绝大多数诊断为 2 型糖尿病的患者存在肥胖或超重。[28]Haines L, Wan KC, Lynn R, et al. Rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in children in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1097-101.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/30/5/1097.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17259470?tool=bestpractice.com