BMJ Best Practice

参考文献

关键文献

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(suppl 1):S1-159.

American Diabetes Association. 12. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(suppl 1):S126-36.

Springer SC, Silverstein J, Copeland K, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2013 Feb;131(2):e648-64.

参考文章

1.  American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(suppl 1):S1-159.

2.  American Diabetes Association. 12. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(suppl 1):S126-36.

3.  Silverstein JH, Rosenbloom AL. Type 2 diabetes in children. Curr Diab Rep. 2001 Aug;1(1):19-27.

4.  American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes - 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan;41(suppl 1):S13-27.

5.  Kazlauskaite R, Evans AT, Mazzone T. Ethnic differences predicting ketonuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2005 Sep-Oct;19(5):284-90.

6.  Kaufman FR, Shaw J. Type 2 diabetes in youth: rates, antecedents, treatment, problems and prevention. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007 Dec;8(suppl 9):4-6.

7.  Diabetes Australia Guideline Development Consortium. National evidence based guideline for case detection and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. June 2009 [internet publication].

8.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report 2017. 2017 [internet publication].

9.  Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 13;376(15):1419-29.

10.  Savage PJ, Bennett PH, Senter RG, et al. High prevalence of diabetes in young Pima Indians. Diabetes. 1979 Oct;28(10):937-42.

11.  Acton KJ, Burrows NR, Moore K, et al. Trends in diabetes prevalence among American Indian and Alaska native children, adolescents, and young adults. Am J Public Health. 2002 Sep;92(9):1485-90.

12.  Gahagan S, Silverstein J. Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children, with special emphasis on American Indian and Alaska Native children. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Native American Child Health. Pediatrics. 2003 Oct;112(4):e328.

13.  Matyka KA. Type 2 diabetes in childhood: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Br Med Bull. 2008;86:59-75.

14.  Bhardwaj S, Misra A, Khurana L, et al. Childhood obesity in Asian Indians: a burgeoning cause of insulin resistance, diabetes and sub-clinical inflammation. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(suppl 1):172-5.

15.  Glaser NS, Jones KL. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Mexican-American children. West J Med. 1998 Jan;168(1):11-6.

16.  Neufeld ND, Raffel LF, Landon C, et al. Early presentation of type 2 diabetes in Mexican-American youth. Diabetes Care. 1998 Jan;21(1):80-6.

17.  Pihoker C, Scott CR, Lensing SY. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in African-American youths of Arkansas. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998 Feb;37(2):97-102.

18.  Upchurch SL, Brosnan CA, Meininger JC, et al. Characteristics of 98 children and adolescents diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by their health care provider at initial presentation. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jul;26(7):2209.

19.  Fazeli Farsani S, van der Aa MP, van der Vorst MM, et al. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia. 2013 Jul;56(7):1471-88.

20.  Khanolkar AR, Amin R, Taylor-Robinson D, et al. Ethnic minorities are at greater risk for childhood-onset type 2 diabetes and poorer glycemic control in England and Wales. J Adolesc Health. 2016 Sep;59(3):354-61.

21.  Oester IM, Kloppenborg JT, Olsen BS, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Danish children and adolescents in 2014. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Aug;17(5):368-73.

22.  Neu A, Feldhahn L, Ehehalt S, et al. No change in type 2 diabetes prevalence in children and adolescents over 10 years: update of a population-based survey in South Germany. Pediatr Diabetes. 2017 Dec 12 [Epub ahead of print].

23.  Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005 May;146(5):693-700.

24.  Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, et al. Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiological review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr. 2000 May;136(5):664-72.

25.  Moussa MA, Alsaeid M, Abdella N, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti children and adolescents. Med Princ Pract. 2008;17(4):270-5.

26.  Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003-2006. JAMA. 2008 May 28;299(20):2401-5.

27.  Strauss RS, Pollack HA. Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986-1998. JAMA. 2001 Dec 12;286(22):2845-8.

28.  Haines L, Wan KC, Lynn R, et al. Rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in children in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2007 May;30(5):1097-101.

29.  Miller J, Rosenbloom A, Silverstein J. Childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Sep;89(9):4211-8.

30.  Nolan CJ, Damm P, Prentki M. Type 2 diabetes across generations: from pathophysiology to prevention and management. Lancet. 2011 Jul 9;378(9786):169-81.

31.  Ornoy A. Prenatal origin of obesity and its complication: gestational diabetes, maternal overweight and the paradoxical effects of fetal growth restriction and macrosomia. Reprod Toxicol. 2011 Sep;32(2):205-12.

32.  Drash AM. Relationship between diabetes mellitus and obesity in the child. Metabolism. 1973 Feb;22(2):337-44.

33.  Caprio S, Tamborlane WV. Metabolic impact of obesity in childhood. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999 Dec;28(4):731-47.

34.  Rosenbloom AL, Wheeler L, Bianchi R, et al. Age-adjusted analysis of insulin responses during normal and abnormal oral glucose tolerance tests in children and adolescents. Diabetes. 1975 Sep;24(9):820-8.

35.  Hsueh WA, Quinones MJ. Role of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Aug 18;92(4A):10J-17.

36.  Foster GD, Linder B, Baranowski T, et al; HEALTHY Study Group. A school-based intervention for diabetes risk reduction. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 29;363(5):443-53.

37.  Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Lindsay RS, et al. Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships. Diabetes. 2000 Dec;49(12):2208-11.

38.  Ibanez L, Suarez L, Lopez-Bermejo A, et al. Early development of visceral fat excess after spontaneous catch-up growth in children with low birth weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):925-8.

39.  Ibanez L, Ong K, Dunger DB, et al. Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance after catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;91(6):2153-8.

40.  Mericq V, Ong KK, Bazaes R, et al. Longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and secretion from birth to age three years in small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age children. Diabetologia. 2005 Dec;48(12):2609-14.

41.  Mayer-Davis EJ, Dabelea D, Lamichhane AP, et al. Breast-feeding and type 2 diabetes in the youth of three ethnic groups: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth case-control study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Mar;31(3):470-5.

42.  Koletzko B. Long-term consequences of early feeding on later obesity risk. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2006;58:1-18.

43.  Hanis CL, Boerwinkle E, Chakraborty R. A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nat Genet. 1996 Jun;13(2):161-6.

44.  Cox NJ, Frigge M, Nicolae DL, et al. Loci on chromosomes 2 (NIDDM1) and 15 interact to increase susceptibility to diabetes in Mexican Americans. Nat Genet. 1999 Feb;21(2):213-5.

45.  Lee S, Bacha F, Gungor N, et al. Comparison of different definitions of pediatric metabolic syndrome: relation to abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and inflammatory biomarkers. J Pediatr. 2008 Feb;152(2):177-84.

46.  Hamdy O, Porramatikul S, Al-Ozairi E. Metabolic obesity: the paradox between visceral and subcutaneous fat. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2006 Nov;2(4):367-73.

47.  Straczkowski M, Kowalska I. The role of skeletal muscle sphingolipids in the development of insulin resistance. Rev Diabet Stud. 2008 Spring;5(1):13-24.

48.  Vozarova B, Stefan N, Lindsay RS, et al. High alanine aminotransferase is associated with decreased hepatic insulin sensitivity and predicts the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002 Jun;51(6):1889-95.

49.  Arslanian SA, Saad R, Lewy V, et al. Hyperinsulinemia in African-American children: decreased insulin clearance and increased insulin secretion and its relationship to insulin sensitivity. Diabetes. 2002 Oct;51(10):3014-9.

50.  Ogata BN, Hayes D. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: nutrition guidance for healthy children ages 2 to 11 years. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Aug;114(8):1257-76.

51.  Mead E, Brown T, Rees K, et al. Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age of 6 to 11 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 22;(6):CD012651.

52.  Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden ZT, Grunberger G, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology: clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2015. Endocr Pract. 2015 Apr;21(suppl 1):1-87.

53.  Kleber M, deSousa G, Papcke S, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance in obese white children and adolescents: three to five year follow-up in untreated patients. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2011 Mar;119(3):172-6.

54.  Weiss R, Taksali SE, Tamborlane WV, et al. Predictors of changes in glucose tolerance status in obese youth. Diabetes Care. 2005 Apr;28(4):902-9.

55.  Azzopardi P, Brown AD, Zimmet P, et al. Type 2 diabetes in young Indigenous Australians in rural and remote areas: diagnosis, screening, management and prevention. Med J Aust. 2012 Jul 2;197(1):32-6.

56.  Hadtstein C, Wuhl E, Soergel M, et al. Normative values for circadian and ultradian cardiovascular rhythms in childhood. Hypertension. 2004 Mar;43(3):547-54.

57.  Brickman WJ, Huang J, Silverman BL, et al. Acanthosis nigricans identifies youth at high risk for metabolic abnormalities. J Pediatr. 2010 Jan;156(1):87-92.

58.  Lu ZX, Walker KZ, O'Dea K, et al. A1C for screening and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice. Diabetes Care. 2010 Apr;33(4):817-9.

59.  Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2014: type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014 Sep;15(suppl 20):26-46.

60.  Matthaei S, Bierwirth R, Fritsche A, et al; German Diabetes Association. Medical antihyperglycaemic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: update of the evidence-based guideline of the German Diabetes Association. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2009 Oct;117(9):522-57.

61.  Russell-Minda E, Jutai J, Speechley M, et al. Health technologies for monitoring and managing diabetes: a systematic review. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009 Nov 1;3(6):1460-71.

62.  Viner R, White B, Christie D. Type 2 diabetes in adolescents: a severe phenotype posing major clinical challenges and public health burden. Lancet. 2017 Jun 3;389(10085):2252-60.

63.  Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(39):3035-87.

64.  Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. General practice management of type 2 diabetes 2016-18. 2016 [internet publication].

65.  Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al. Management of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2013 Feb;131(2):364-82.

66.  Simmons D, Voyle J, Rush E, et al. The New Zealand experience in peer support interventions among people with diabetes. Fam Pract. 2010 Jun;27(suppl 1):i53-61.

67.  Dela F, von Linstow ME, Mikines KJ, et al. Physical training may enhance beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;287(5):E1024-31.

68.  Marwick TH, Hordern MD, Miller T, et al. Exercise training for type 2 diabetes mellitus: impact on cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009 Jun 30;119(25):3244-62.

69.  McCall A, Raj R. Exercise for prevention of obesity and diabetes in children and adolescents. Clin Sports Med. 2009 Jul;28(3):393-421.

70.  Christie D, Strange V, Allen E, et al. Maximising engagement, motivation and long term change in a structured intensive education programme in diabetes for children, young people and their families: Child and Adolescent Structured Competencies Approach to Diabetes Education (CASCADE). BMC Pediatr. 2009 Sep 15;9:57.

71.  Misra A, Nigam P, Hills AP, et al. Consensus physical activity guidelines for Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012 Jan;14(1):83-98.

72.  Johnson ST, Newton AS, Chopra M, et al. In search of quality evidence for lifestyle management and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. BBMC Pediatr. 2010 Dec 23;10:97.

73.  Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jan;32(1):193-203.

74.  International Diabetes Federation. Guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes. 2011 [internet publication].

75.  Robertson C. Physiologic insulin replacement in type 2 diabetes: optimizing postprandial glucose control. Diabetes Educ. 2006 May-Jun;32(3):423-32.

76.  TODAY Study Group. Safety and tolerability of the treatment of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY experience. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jun;36(6):1765-71.

77.  European Medicines Agency. Questions and answers on the suspension of rosiglitazone-containing medicines (Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim). September 2010 [internet publication].

78.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for the treatment of diabetes. July 2008 [internet publication].

79.  Adeyemi A, Rascati K, Strassels S. The need for oral antidiabetic treatment adherence studies in the pediatric population. Clin Ther. 2010 Jul;32(7):1306-7.

80.  Kawahara R, Amemiya T, Yoshino M, et al. Dropout of young non-insulin-dependent diabetics from diabetic care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994 Jul;24(3):181-5.

81.  Rosenbloom AL. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state: an emerging pediatric problem. J Pediatr. 2010 Feb;156(2):180-4.

82.  TODAY Study Group. Rapid rise in hypertension and nephropathy in youth with type 2 diabetes: the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jun;36(6):1735-41.

83.  Adler AI. Treating high blood pressure in diabetes: the evidence. Semin Vasc Med. 2002 May;2(2):127-37.

84.  TODAY Study Group. Lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular risk worsens over 3 years in youth with type 2 diabetes: the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2013 Jun;36(6):1758-64.

85.  Haffner SM, Alexander CM, Cook TJ, et al. Reduced coronary events in simvastatin-treated patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes or impaired fasting glucose levels. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Dec 13-27;159(22):2661-7.

86.  Svensson M, Sundkvist G, Arnqvist HJ, et al. Signs of nephropathy may occur early in young adults with diabetes despite modern diabetes management: results from the nationwide population-based Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Diabetes Care. 2003 Oct;26(10):2903-9.

87.  Maahs DM, Snively BM, Bell RA, et al. Higher prevalence of elevated albumin excretion in youth with type 2 than type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Diabetes Care. 2007 Oct;30(10):2593-8.

88.  International Diabetes Federation. IDF guideline on oral health for people with diabetes. 2009 [internet publication].

89.  Shaw JE, Punjabi NM, Wilding JP, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and type 2 diabetes: a report from the International Diabetes Federation Taskforce on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008 Jul;81(1):2-12.

90.  International Diabetes Federation. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes. 2009 [internet publication].

91.  Betts P, Brink SJ, Swift PG, et al. Management of children with diabetes requiring surgery. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007 Aug;8(4):242-7.

92.  Springer SC, Silverstein J, Copeland K, et al; American Academy of Pediatrics. Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2013 Feb;131(2):e648-64.

使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。