2型糖尿病(T2DM)病是一种进展性疾病。 最佳的护理需要长期定期监测血糖[63]Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(39):3035-87.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/39/3035.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996285?tool=bestpractice.com[90]International Diabetes Federation. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes. 2009 [internet publication].https://www.idf.org/e-library/guidelines/85-self-monitoring-of-blood-glucose-in-non-insulin-treated-type-2-diabetes.html 、控制血压、血脂、糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c) 和戒烟。多数儿童需要每 3-4 个月随访一次。
自我血糖监测的频率需要个体化,[63]Rydén L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(39):3035-87.http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/39/3035.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23996285?tool=bestpractice.com[90]International Diabetes Federation. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes. 2009 [internet publication].https://www.idf.org/e-library/guidelines/85-self-monitoring-of-blood-glucose-in-non-insulin-treated-type-2-diabetes.html 包括空腹和餐后血糖的监测。 目标是餐前血糖5-7.8 mmol/L(90-140 mg/dL),HbA1c<53 mmol/mol(小于7%)。
常规的自我血糖监测可能不必像 1 型糖尿病患者那样频繁。然而,在急性疾病期、剂量调整期或出现提示高血糖/低血糖的症状时,可能需增加监测频率。对于应用胰岛素和磺酰脲类降糖药的患者,需要监测无症状的低血糖。
接受手术的患者应该在外科手术前优化血糖控制。[91]Betts P, Brink SJ, Swift PG, et al. Management of children with diabetes requiring surgery. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007 Aug;8(4):242-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17659068?tool=bestpractice.com
如可能,手术前24小时应该停用二甲双胍。
在手术之前、期间和之后的过程充分补水与静脉输液是至关重要的。
磺酰脲类药物或噻唑烷二酮类药物可以在手术当天停止使用。
应用胰岛素的患者若血糖大于10mmol/L(180 mg/dL),应该密切监测血糖并静脉使用胰岛素治疗或皮下注射胰岛素应对小手术。
如果代谢控制不佳或需要调整治疗,一年应该至少评估2次HbA1c,甚至3个月一次。 另外应该根据并发症的情况决定HbA1c监测周期,对于异常患者应该增加监测频率:
对于大于10岁的,且有超重或肥胖史、糖尿病家族史、胰岛素抵抗、血脂异常、接受过精神治疗或暴露于糖尿病子宫内环境的任何一个澳大利亚土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民的儿童推荐筛查2型糖尿病。[55]Azzopardi P, Brown AD, Zimmet P, et al. Type 2 diabetes in young Indigenous Australians in rural and remote areas: diagnosis, screening, management and prevention. Med J Aust. 2012 Jul 2;197(1):32-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22762229?tool=bestpractice.com