HIV 疾病中 T 细胞免疫力受损和 CD4+ T 细胞耗竭是多数 OI 病理生理学中的关键因素。[17]Hellerstein MK, McCune JM. T cell turnover in HIV-1 disease. Immunity. 1997 Nov;7(5):583-9.http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(00)80379-9?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1074761300803799%3Fshowall%3Dtruehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9390682?tool=bestpractice.com 宿主防御机制受损和血浆 HIV RNA 水平高,与黏膜皮肤念珠菌病和念珠菌定植发生率增加有关。[18]Liu X, Liu H, Guo Z, et al. Association of asymptomatic oral candidal carriage, oral candidiasis and CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV-positive patients in China. Oral Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):41-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390467?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Gottfredsson M, Cox GM, Indridason OS, et al. Association of plasma levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and oropharyngeal Candida colonization. J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):534-7.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/180/2/534.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10395877?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Yeh CK, Fox PC, Ship JA, et al. Oral defense mechanisms are impaired early in HIV-1 infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1988;1(4):361-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3216316?tool=bestpractice.com
HIV 感染是获得结核病 (TB) 感染和迅速进展为症状性疾病的独立危险因素。经证明,患有 TB 的 HIV 感染人群均出现了细胞免疫和巨噬细胞功能受损的情况。[21]Meltzer MS, Skillman DR, Gomatos PJ, et al. Role of mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Annu Rev Immunol. 1990;8:169-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2188662?tool=bestpractice.com
认为鸟型分支杆菌复合体 (MAC) 在肠道的定植是 AIDS 患者 MAC 感染的一个主要途径,随后在几个月后出现菌血症和播散性疾病。[22]Gray JR, Rabeneck L. Atypical mycobacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract in AIDS patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Dec;84(12):1521-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2596453?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Stacey AR. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex from faeces of patients with AIDS. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Nov 8;293(6556):1194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1341977/pdf/bmjcred00260-0012.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3096428?tool=bestpractice.com
在 AIDS 患者中,细胞介导免疫的进行性丧失导致 CMV 再激活并开始复制,引起与非特异性炎症有关的组织坏死。[24]Gerna G, Parea M, Percivalle E, et al. Human cytomegalovirus viraemia in HIV-1-seropositive patients at various clinical stages of infection. AIDS. 1990 Oct;4(10):1027-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2175616?tool=bestpractice.com 越来越多的证据表明,耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎 (PCP) 期间发生的肺脏损害是宿主对耶氏肺孢子菌性炎性反应类型和程度的结果,而非病原体直接损伤的结果。[25]Gigliotti F, Wright TW. Immunopathogenesis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2005 Nov 14;7(26):1-16.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16842636?tool=bestpractice.com T 细胞介导的细胞免疫、巨噬细胞和细胞因子及肿瘤坏死因子-α 活性是使刚地弓形虫慢性感染维持在静止期的必须条件。[18]Liu X, Liu H, Guo Z, et al. Association of asymptomatic oral candidal carriage, oral candidiasis and CD4 lymphocyte count in HIV-positive patients in China. Oral Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):41-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390467?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Subauste CS, Remington JS. Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Curr Opin Immunol. 1993 Aug;5(4):532-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8216929?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Yap GS, Scharton-Kersten T, Charest H, et al. Decreased resistance of TNF receptor p55- and p75-deficient mice to chronic toxoplasmosis despite normal activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vivo. J Immunol. 1998 Feb 1;160(3):1340-5.http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/full/160/3/1340http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9570552?tool=bestpractice.com
在隐球菌感染中,认为微生物的多糖荚膜是诱发局部炎性反应及前列腺素和一些细胞因子产量增加的主要毒性因素,特别是干扰素-γ。[28]Chen XM, Keithly JS, Paya CV, et al. Cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 30;346(22):1723-31.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12037153?tool=bestpractice.com