结核病 (TB)[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/0
潜伏性 TB 感染患者无症状。
HIV 感染患者的活动性 TB 表现取决于免疫抑制程度。
肺结核表现为肺部疾病的症状和体征（伴胸部放射影像学检查异常）以及痰涂片和抗酸杆菌 (AFB) 培养阳性。
上叶浸润伴有或不伴有空洞是 CD4+ 计数高于 200 个/μL 的 HIV 感染患者的典型表现，而纵膈淋巴结肿大则常见于 CD4+ 计数低于 200 个/μL 的患者中。[95]Havlir DV, Barnes PF. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 4;340(5):367-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9929528?tool=bestpractice.com
在重度免疫功能受损的 HIV 感染患者中，可观察到累及淋巴结、肾脏、肝脏、胃肠道或 CNS 等肺外结核病。
鸟型分支杆菌复合体 (MAC) 疾病[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/0
MAC 仅见于 CD4+ 计数小于 50 个/μL 且伴有发热、贫血、体重下降、腹泻和碱性磷酸酶升高的患者。建议对所有该类 HIV 感染患者进行分枝杆菌血液培养。[97]Havlik JA Jr, Horsburgh CR Jr, Metchock B, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection: clinical identification and epidemiologic trends. J Infect Dis. 1992 Mar;165(3):577-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1347060?tool=bestpractice.com
耶氏肺孢子虫肺炎[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992 Dec 18;41(RR-17):1-19.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1361652?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断标准
有新近发生劳力性呼吸困难或无痰性咳嗽病史（过去 3 个月内）；
有弥漫性双侧间质浸润的胸部 X 线检查证据或镓扫描证明有弥漫性双侧肺部疾病；
动脉血气分析显示动脉 pO2 小于 70 mmHg 或呼吸弥散量较低（＜ 80% 的预测值）或肺泡-动脉氧张力梯度升高；
无细菌性肺炎证据。
脑弓形虫病[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992 Dec 18;41(RR-17):1-19.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1361652?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断标准
巨细胞病毒[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992 Dec 18;41(RR-17):1-19.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1361652?tool=bestpractice.com
连续眼底镜检查显示特征性外观（例如，分散、边界清晰的视网膜变白斑点、沿着血管路径以离心方式扩散、疾病在数月中进展且常常伴有视网膜血管炎、出血和坏死）。
活动性疾病缓解后出现视网膜瘢痕和萎缩及视网膜色素上皮斑纹。
隐球菌性脑膜炎[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/0
亚急性脑膜炎或脑膜脑炎伴发热、不适和头痛。
脑脊液和血清中隐球菌抗原阳性。
食管念珠菌病[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1992 Dec 18;41(RR-17):1-19.http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1361652?tool=bestpractice.com
诊断标准
