播散性鸟型结核分支杆菌复合体 (MAC) 感染
可以联合使用乙硫异烟胺、氨硫脲（多数国家无法获得）和环丝氨酸作为挽救治疗方案的一线药物。不过，该类药物在这一背景下的作用尚未明确。[167]Wang F, Langley R, Gulten G, et al. Mechanism of thioamide drug action against tuberculosis and leprosy. J Exp Med. 2007 Jan 22;204(1):73-8.http://jem.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/204/1/73http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227913?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然正在研究中，但因数据不足，尚无法对免疫调节剂用作辅助治疗给出建议。[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/0
隐球菌性脑膜炎
有关新型三唑类药物（如伏立康唑和泊沙康唑）在隐球菌病患者的初步或随访治疗中的应用数据较少。伏立康唑与蛋白酶抑制剂和依法韦仑联合使用时应谨慎。[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/0[168]Spanakis EK, Aperis G, Mylonakis E. New agents for the treatment of fungal infections: clinical efficacy and gaps in coverage. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Oct 15;43(8):1060-8.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/43/8/1060.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983621?tool=bestpractice.com 在 HIV 相关隐球菌性脑膜炎中，在标准治疗中增加短疗程的干扰素 γ 可显著提高 CSF 中隐球菌的清除率，而不良事件并不增加。[169]Jarvis JN, Meintjes G, Rebe K, et al. Adjunctive interferon-γ immunotherapy for the treatment of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized controlled trial. AIDS. 2012 Jun 1;26(9):1105-13.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3640254/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22421244?tool=bestpractice.com
巨细胞病毒 (cytomegalovirus, CMV)
对于 DNA 聚合酶和病毒蛋白靶位有内在活性的新型治疗药物，正处于不同的研发阶段，可能改善未来可用的 CMV 治疗选择。[170]Vadlapudi AD, Vadlapatla RK, Mitra AK. Current and emerging antivirals for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis: an update on recent patents. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2012 Apr;7(1):8-18.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516169/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044356?tool=bestpractice.com
