TB
经过 6~9 个月的治疗后,HIV 感染患者 TB 治疗的治疗效果相对良好,但复发风险升高。直接观察治疗可改善治疗效果,强烈建议在该类患者中应用。不过,在出现最初的临床改善后,在一些开始抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 的患者中已经观察到疾病出现反常的恶化。在感染广泛耐药性 TB 的 HIV 感染患者中,观察到了较高的失败率和死亡率。[95]Havlir DV, Barnes PF. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 4;340(5):367-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9929528?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Raviglione MC. Facing extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis-a hope and a challenge. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 7;359(6):636-8.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/6/636http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687645?tool=bestpractice.com[172]Driver CR, Munsiff SS, Li J, et al. Relapse in persons treated for drug-susceptible tuberculosis in a population with high coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus in New York City. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Nov 15;33(10):1762-9.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/10/1762.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11595988?tool=bestpractice.com
播散性鸟型结核分支杆菌复合体 (MAC) 感染
使用联合治疗方案可以改善生存并降低死亡率,包括 2 种或更多种抗菌药及之后的二级预防和 ART 治疗。对于存在更为广泛疾病或晚期免疫抑制的患者,临床应答可能延迟发生。[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/0[173]Corti M, Palmero D. Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2008 Jun;6(3):351-63.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18588499?tool=bestpractice.com
耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎 (PCP)
出现急性呼吸衰竭的患者死亡率较高。需要通气支持的 PCP 患者中,12 个月时的存活率接近 50%。[153]Dworkin MS, Hanson DL, Navin TR. Survival of patients with AIDS, after diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2001 May 1;183(9):1409-12.http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/183/9/1409.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294675?tool=bestpractice.com ART 应用是重度 PCP 中死亡率降低的一个独立预测指标,可能是改善疾病治疗效果的一种潜在治疗方法。[150]Morris A, Wachter RM, Luce J, et al. Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS. 2003 Jan 3;17(1):73-80.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478071?tool=bestpractice.com
弓形虫病
ART 可改善治疗效果和生存期,并预防复发。神经系统功能恶化的体征预示疗效不佳。持续性神经系统功能障碍常出现于存活患者中。[174]Vidal JE, Hernandez AV, de Oliveira AC, et al. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients in Brazil: clinical features and predictors of treatment response in the HAART era. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2005 Oct;19(10):626-34.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232047?tool=bestpractice.com[175]Hoffmann C, Ernst M, Meyer P, et al. Evolving characteristics of toxoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1: clinical course and Toxoplasma gondii-specific immune responses. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007 May;13(5):510-5.http://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(14)61493-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17298486?tool=bestpractice.com 罕见情况下,可能出现广泛的播散性疾病。[176]Signorini L, Gulletta M, Coppini D, et al. Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis during primary HIV infection. Curr HIV Res. 2007 Mar;5(2):273-4.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17346141?tool=bestpractice.com
隐球菌性脑膜炎
虽然给予两性霉素 B 和 ART,但较高的隐球菌脑膜炎相关性死亡仍持续存在。意识状态异常和较高的病原体负荷(通过定量 CSF 培养或 CSF 抗原滴度测量)是死亡的最重要的决定因素。此外,CSF 开放压升高和较低的 CSF 白细胞计数也与治疗效果较差有关。[101]Bicanic T, Harrison TS. Cryptococcal meningitis. Br Med Bull. 2005 Apr 18;72:99-118.http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/72/1/99http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15838017?tool=bestpractice.com[177]Kambugu A, Meya DB, Rhein J, et al. Outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda before and after the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1;46(11):1694-701.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/46/11/1694.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18433339?tool=bestpractice.com
巨细胞病毒 (cytomegalovirus, CMV)
广泛应用 ART 可降低 CMV 性视网膜炎的发病率和并发症。不过,与免疫恢复有关的 CMV 性视网膜炎和葡萄膜炎仍会引起视力丧失。[178]Kedhar DR, Jabs DA. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Herpes. 2007 Dec;14(3):66-71.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18371289?tool=bestpractice.com
黏膜皮肤念珠菌病
多数患者在 48 至 72 小时内对治疗产生应答。大约 4%~5% 的 HIV 感染个体报告难治性口腔或食管念珠菌病。该类患者多存在 CD4+ 细胞计数低于 50 个/μL 且接受过多疗程的唑类药物治疗。[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. May 2018 [internet publication].https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/0[179]Launay O, Lortholary O, Bouges-Michel C, et al. Candidemia: a nosocomial complication in adults with late-stage AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 May;26(5):1134-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9597242?tool=bestpractice.com