现在,存活超过 30 岁的情况已不再罕见,在使用无创呼吸支持治疗的中心,有 10-40% 的假肥大型肌营养不良 (DMD) 患者存活到了 40 岁。[9]Gomez-Merino E, Bach JR. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: prolongation of life by noninvasive ventilation and mechanically assisted coughing. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81:411-415.http://www.doctorbach.com/dmdniv.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023596?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Ishikawa Y, Miura T, Ishikawa Y, et al. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: survival by cardio-respiratory interventions. Neuromuscul Disord. 2011;21:47-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144751?tool=bestpractice.com
造成严重全身肌无力患者病态及死亡的最常见原因是进行性呼吸肌肌无力。但有研究表明,同时使用血氧定量/吸气肌辅助方案,仅可减少患者由于呼吸问题导致的死亡。而患者在装备并训练使用无创式吸气肌、呼气肌功能辅助设备后,仍可能由于心力衰竭导致死亡。[9]Gomez-Merino E, Bach JR. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: prolongation of life by noninvasive ventilation and mechanically assisted coughing. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;81:411-415.http://www.doctorbach.com/dmdniv.htmhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023596?tool=bestpractice.com不幸的是,这种需要住院治疗插入式管道的方法并没有在所有地区被用于预防患者发生呼吸衰竭。当使用插管的方法对急性呼吸衰竭进行治疗时,即使在此之后患者不能长期不进行持续性呼吸支持,但DMD及其他肌源性疾病患者仍可以进行拔管,已接受无创式机械通气,以及机械辅助咳嗽,已清除气道分泌物。这样,患者就可避免接受气管切开手术。[64]Bach JR, Gonçalves MR, Hamdani I, et al. Extubation of patients with neuromuscular weakness: a new management paradigm. Chest. 2010;137:1033-1039.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040608?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Bach JR, Sinquee DM, Saporito LR, et al. Efficacy of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation in extubating unweanable subjects with restrictive pulmonary disorders. Respir Care. 2015;60:477-483.http://rc.rcjournal.com/content/60/4/477.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25492956?tool=bestpractice.com由于 DMD 患者可在依靠或不依靠气管切开插管的情况下存活到 45-50 岁,而且总是更愿意不依靠气管切开插管生存,[80]Bach JR. A comparison of long-term ventilatory support alternatives from the perspective of the patient and care giver. Chest. 1993;104:1702-1706.http://www.chestjournal.org/content/104/6/1702.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8252946?tool=bestpractice.com因此如果进行了气管造口术和放置了导管,可以将其移除,将患者转为接受无创机械通气。[66]Bach JR, Saporito LR, Shah HR, et al. Decanulation of patients with severe respiratory muscle insufficiency: efficacy of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46:1037-1041.http://www.medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/?doi=10.2340/16501977-1874&html=1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25096928?tool=bestpractice.com