急性缺血性卒中的治疗目标是恢复血流,对缺血组织提供能量代谢支持,治疗卒中相关的水肿,防止常见的急性并发症。快速的评估和诊断是缺血性卒中成功治疗的基础。CT 或 MRI 是排除脑出血和类似卒中疾病必须进行的检查。CT 未显示病灶并不能排除急性缺血性卒中。评估气道、呼吸、循环之后,下一步即考虑是否可以进行再灌注。
静脉溶栓治疗
阿替普酶是一种重组组织血纤溶酶原激活剂 (r-tPA),可促进溶栓,从而实现血管再通和再灌注。建议早期对合适的患者给予阿替普酶。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com 在无禁忌症的急性缺血性卒中患者中使用阿替普酶进行溶栓的临床试验结果表明,这些患者的治疗时间窗为出现神经系统症状后 4.5 小时。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Carpenter CR, Keim SM, Milne WK, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke beyond three hours. J Emerg Med. 2011 Jan;40(1):82-92.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3217216/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576390?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al; ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317-29.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0804656http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815396?tool=bestpractice.com临床结局:有高质量证据表明,与使用安慰剂相比,在症状出现后 3 至 4.5 小时给予 r-tPA 可显著改善急性缺血性卒中患者的临床结局。[63]Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al; ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317-29.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa0804656http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815396?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 早期治疗对严重的急性卒中患者而言尤为重要。[64]Whiteley WN, Emberson J, Lees KR, et al. Risk of intracerebral haemorrhage with alteplase after acute ischaemic stroke: a secondary analysis of an individual patient data meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Aug;15(9):925-33.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27289487?tool=bestpractice.com 从到达急诊科至开始 CT 扫描的期望理想时间是 25 分钟,从达急诊科至开始使用静脉内 r-tPA(如果适用)治疗的期望理想时间是 60 分钟。[46]Alberts MJ, Latchaw RE, Jagoda A, et al. Revised and updated recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers: a summary statement from the brain attack coalition. Stroke. 2011 Sep;42(9):2651-65.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/strokeaha.111.615336http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868727?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有自己判断的能力,应向其本人提供关于 r-tPA 治疗获益和风险的相关信息,或者如果替代患者做决策的人在场,则应向其提供该信息。如有可能,应得到口头的或书面同意。在很多情况下,患者是没有能力做出医疗决定的,而家属或替代患者做决策的人没有被认定或无法及时赶到,则医师就应该替患者作出决定。做决定的决策者应该了解的是使用 tPA 的脑出血整体风险为6%,其中约一半是致命的。他们也应该被告知,尽管有这种风险,但使用 r-tPA 的患者疗效更有可能较好。总体来说,8 例接受 r-tPA 治疗的患者中有 1 例完全或几乎完全恢复,否则将会残疾;这一统计结果就是需治人数。[65]National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec 14;333(24):1581-7.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199512143332401http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477192?tool=bestpractice.com
使用 r-tPA 进行静脉溶栓的禁忌证
下列为美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会 (AHA/ASA) 关于 r-tPA 治疗禁忌证的指南:[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com
症状发作> 4.5 小时
CT 显示急性颅内出血
在此前 3 个月内,有颅脑创伤或卒中史
有既往颅内出血病史
此前 3 个月内,有颅内/脊柱内手术史
卒中的症状提示蛛网膜下腔出血
患者血小板< 100 000/mm3,国际标准化比值 (INR)>1.7,活化部分凝血活酶时间 (aPTT)>40 秒,或凝血酶原时间>15 秒
有胃肠恶性肿瘤病史或近 21 天内的出血事件
在此前 14 天内有重大手术史或严重外伤史
患者在此前 24 小时内注射了一剂低分子量肝素。
患者正在接受直接凝血酶抑制剂或直接 Xa 因子抑制剂治疗,除非各项实验室检查(例如活化部分凝血活酶时间、国际标准化比值、血小板计数、蛇静脉酶凝结时间、凝血酶时间、或直接因子 Xa 活性)均正常,或患者已>48 小时未接受这些药物的治疗(倘若肾代谢功能正常)
检查发现活动性出血的证据
有符合感染性心内膜炎的症状
已知急性缺血性卒中与主动脉弓夹层有关,或疑似有关
患者正在服用抑制糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 受体的抗血小板药物
有颅内脑实质肿瘤病史
适合静脉 r-tPA 溶栓治疗的患者
AHA/ASA 指南推荐适用于 r-tPA 治疗的情况有:[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com
发作在 3 小时内,或患者最后已知情况良好或处于基线状态
发作在 3 至 4.5 小时,或患者最后已知情况良好:
可通过抗高血压药将血压安全降至<185/110 mmHg 的患者
初始血糖水平>2.8 mmol/L (>50 mg/dL) 的患者
在非增强 CT 上表现出轻度至中度早期缺血性改变(除仅表现为低密度的病灶外)的患者
在卒中前经抗血小板单药治疗或联合治疗的患者,假设阿替普酶的获益超过其可能增加的症状性脑出血风险
aPTT 正常的正在透析的终末期肾病患者
更多关于 r-tPA 治疗的推荐可参考 AHA/ASA 指南[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com
除非怀疑和必须排除特定禁忌证,否则不应因额外检查延迟给予 r-tPA。启动 r-tPA 处理方案前,血糖应维持正常。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com
在治疗有严重缺陷患者时应谨慎,因为有利临床结局可能会减少,且这些患者溶栓后出血的风险增加。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 suppl):483-512S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383482?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 meta 分析发现,与更年轻患者相比,80 岁或以上、新发神经系统功能缺损且适合 r-tPA 治疗的患者获得有利临床结局的几率更低,死亡率更高。但是,有症状的颅内出血率并未明显增加。[67]Bhatnagar P, Sinha D, Parker RA, et al. Intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis to aid decision making in patients over 80 years of age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Jul;82(7):712-7.https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/82/7/712.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292789?tool=bestpractice.com
阿司匹林
缺血性卒中患者应接受阿司匹林治疗。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com 应向曾接受 r-tPA 和不适合接受 r-tPA 治疗的患者给予阿司匹林。但是,如果给予 r-tPA,不应在 24 小时内开始使用阿司匹林,仅应在头部 CT 显示无颅内出血后才能使用。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Zinkstok SM, Roos YB; ARTIS investigators. Early administration of aspirin in patients treated with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 25;380(9843):731-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748820?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然使用阿司匹林治疗缺血性卒中的研究显示阿司匹林治疗组的患者会有更佳结果的趋势,[69]Sandercock PAG, Collins R, Counsell C, et al. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke: International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997 May 31;349(9065):1569-81.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9174558?tool=bestpractice.com[70]CAST Collaborative Group. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke: CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997 Jun 7;349(9066):1641-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9186381?tool=bestpractice.com 一项研究显示对于接受 r-tPA 治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者,在早期(即 24 小时内)给予阿司匹林治疗 3 个月时并没有出现任何显著改善。[68]Zinkstok SM, Roos YB; ARTIS investigators. Early administration of aspirin in patients treated with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 25;380(9843):731-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22748820?tool=bestpractice.com 此外,早期使用阿司匹林与有症状的颅内出血的风险显著增加相关。非阿司匹林的抗血小板药物,包括双嘧达莫、氯吡格雷、血小板糖蛋白 IIb/IIIa 抑制剂,均没有进行在急性脑卒中时应用的研究,因此一般不推荐使用。但是,这些药物在卒中的二级预防中是有用的。[71]Lansberg MG, O'Donnell MJ, Khatri P, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke. Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e601-36S.https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(12)60133-0/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315273?tool=bestpractice.com
血管内干预
在某些谨慎选择的急性缺血性卒中患者中,在静脉使用 r-tPA 基础上使用血管内干预可有临床益处。与静脉使用 r-tPA 一样,应尽早开始血管内干预。在缺血性卒中发生后起初 6 小时内通过这些干预开始治疗,可能带来更满意的临床结局。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com
血管内干预包括动脉内溶栓和机械取栓装置,如支架取栓器。美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会推荐首选支架取栓设备作为急性缺血性卒中的一线血管内干预,优于动脉内溶栓和其他机械取栓装置(例如同心取栓器);但是,除支架取栓器外的其他设备在某些情况下应用也是合理的。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com 使用近端球囊引导导管或大口径远端导管联合支架取栓器(而不是单用颈部引导导管)在某些谨慎选择的患者中也可能有帮助。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com 另外,如在症状出现 6 小时内使用,使用辅助干预(例如动脉内溶栓)实现可接受的再灌注也可能是合理的。
血管内干预的适用患者
AHA/ASA 指南指出,符合 r-tPA 治疗条件的患者应接受 r-tPA 治疗,即使其可能适合接受支架取栓器血管内治疗。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com 不需要观察患者在使用血管内治疗前对静脉使用 r-tPA 的临床反应。
AHA/ASA 指南建议,符合以下所有标准的患者应接受支架取栓治疗:[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com
卒中前改良 Rankin 残疾量表 (Rankin disability scale score) 评分为 0 到 1
颈内动脉或大脑中动脉近端 (M1) 有致病性阻塞
年龄≥18 岁
美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分≥6
Alberta 卒中项目早期 CT 评分 (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score, ASPECTS)≥6
可在症状发生后 6 小时内开始血管内治疗(腹股沟穿刺)。
尽管在这些标准以外的缺血性卒中患者中无使用支架取栓器的证据,但是,可在前循环阻塞且不能接受静脉内 r-tPA 或有其他血管(例如大脑中动脉的 M2 或 M3 部分、大脑前动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉或大脑后动脉)阻塞的患者中考虑这些治疗。对于年龄<18 岁,或改良 Rankin 残疾量表评分>1,或 ASPECTS<6 的患者,如在症状发生后 6 小时内开始,也可考虑,但潜在获益不明,因为缺乏在这些患者中的证据。
在持续时间<6 小时、有大脑中动脉致病性阻塞或有 tPA 禁忌证或对 r-tPA 疗效不完全的谨慎选择的严重缺血性卒中患者中,[72]Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke: the PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999 Dec 1;282(21):2003-11.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/192156http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591382?tool=bestpractice.com 可考虑动脉内溶栓初始治疗。但是,支持动脉内溶栓的证据力度弱,目前尚无已批准的动脉内溶栓干预用于卒中治疗。
抗凝
一般不建议对未经筛选的缺血性卒中患者进行旨在改善急性卒中结局的紧急抗凝治疗。Meta 分析未显示急性缺血性卒中患者接受抗凝剂治疗后的卒中残疾减少,但显示卒中出血性转化的风险增加,尤其是卒中范围更大的患者。[73]Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Kane EJ. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 12;(3):CD000024.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000024.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25764172?tool=bestpractice.com [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of anticoagulants after acute ischemic stroke?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.793/full显示答案
目前仍旧没有充分的证据可指导急性短暂性脑缺血发作或缺血性卒中患者的最佳抗凝治疗起始时间以及抗凝治疗的指征。部分专家建议,对于缺血性卒中发作的心房颤动患者,根据其卒中的严重程度,在发作后 1 至12 天之间开始抗凝治疗,在以下患者中使用 1-3-6-12 天疗法重建抗凝治疗:[74]Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016 Oct 7;37(38):2893-962.https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/37/38/2893/2334964http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567408?tool=bestpractice.com
但是,抗凝治疗仍是脑静脉窦血栓形成(可通过影像学识别)的一线治疗,即使是存在梗死出血性转化的情况。[66]Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD, et al. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004 Sep;126(3 suppl):483-512S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15383482?tool=bestpractice.com 抗凝治疗应持续 3-6 个月。在没有进行性症状出现的情况下,患者可在急性期改用华法林,使目标 INR 维持在 2-3 之间。这类患者不适用阿司匹林和 r-tPA。
支持性治疗
在对再灌注治疗进行紧急评估的同时,应采取以下措施:
维持血液氧合水平。只有血氧饱和度<94% 时才需要辅助供氧。大量使用氧气与急性病患者的死亡率增加有关。[75]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4169.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com意识水平下降或有难治性低氧血症的患者可能需要插管伴机械通气。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Rønning OM, Guldvog B. Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 1999 Oct;30(10):2033-7.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.30.10.2033http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10512903?tool=bestpractice.com
气管插管的动画演示
球囊面罩通气的动画演示
维持全身血压 (BP)。急性缺血性卒中的动脉血压的管理仍然是有争议的,因证据有些是相互矛盾的,且缺乏大型临床对照试验的依据。许多缺血性脑卒中病人有血压升高的表现。血压下降可降低脑灌注压和促进卒中范围扩大。[81]Ahmed N, Näsman P, Wahlgren NG. Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke. 2000 Jun;31(6):1250-5.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.31.6.1250http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10835440?tool=bestpractice.com
使血葡萄糖水平恢复正常。低血糖会导致脑损伤,且是应该避免的。高血糖与结局不良相关[58]Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phanh T, et al. Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke. 2003 Sep;34(9):2208-14.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.0000085087.41330.ffhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893952?tool=bestpractice.com 以及缺血性卒中转化为出血性卒中的风险相关。[59]Kase CS, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, et al. Cerebral hemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis for ischemic stroke: the PROACT II trial. Neurology. 2001 Nov 13;57(9):1603-10.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11706099?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Demchuk AM, Morgenstern LB, Krieger DW, et al. Serum glucose level and diabetes predict tissue plasminogen activator-related intracerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999 Jan;30(1):34-9.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.30.1.34http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9880385?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管没有确定的证据,但仍建议治疗显著升高的血糖。[82]Bruno A, Kent TA, Coull BM, et al. Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (THIS): a randomized pilot trial. Stroke. 2008 Feb;39(2):384-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096840?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Walters MR, Weir CJ, Lees KR. A randomised, controlled pilot study to investigate the potential benefit of intervention with insulin in hyperglycaemic acute ischaemic stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;22(2-3):116-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685123?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol. 2007 May;6(5):397-406.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17434094?tool=bestpractice.com
减轻发热。发热与卒中结局更差相关。[85]Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM, et al. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet. 1996 Feb 17;347(8999):422-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8618482?tool=bestpractice.com 因此,治疗发热是合理的,但尚无对照试验证明有效。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Krieger DW, Yenari MA. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke: what do laboratory studies teach us? Stroke. 2004 Jun;35(6):1482-9.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.0000126118.44249.5chttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073396?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Den Hertog HM, van der Worp HB, Tseng MC, et al. Cooling therapy for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD001247.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001247.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19160194?tool=bestpractice.com[88]Ntaios G, Dziedzic T, Michel P, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of temperature in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2015 Aug;10(6):941-9.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijs.12579http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26148223?tool=bestpractice.com
这些措施并未通过临床试验被证明是有效的,但或可通过优化能量底物输送和组织器官能量代谢来延缓卒中进展或阻止卒中范围的扩大。
在急诊科进行评估和治疗后,缺血性脑卒中患者应被转移到一个专门的卒中病房。对照和非对照试验已经证实,这些病房可改善卒中的功能性结局和生存情况。[89]Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 11;(9):CD000197.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000197.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24026639?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do different forms of organized inpatient care compare with each other for people after stroke?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1682/full显示答案 [
]How do organized inpatient care units (stroke units) compare with general medical wards in providing care for people post stroke?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1597/full显示答案 卒中病房应配备多学科的团队,包括医生、护理人员和卒中专业的康复医师。卒中病房应改进支持治疗,避免出现感染等并发症,并更早的开始康复治疗以期使患者得到更好的结局。
营养支持、康复治疗(根据需要进行物理、职业和/或言语治疗)、 [
]In people with aphasia following stroke, how does the use of speech and language therapy affect outcomes?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1384/full显示答案 [
]Does electromechanical and robot‐assisted arm training improve generic activities of daily living, arm function, and arm strength in patients who have had a stroke?https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.2317/full显示答案预防误吸(吞咽评估)和预防静脉血栓栓塞症 (VTE) 都是亚急性期住院处理所需要的。
吞咽障碍在卒中时常见,且与吸入性肺炎[90]Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, et al. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005 Dec;36(12):2756-63.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.0000190056.76543.ebhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16269630?tool=bestpractice.com 以及死亡的风险增加相关。[91]Mann G, Hankey GJ, Cameron D. Swallowing function after stroke: prognosis and prognostic factors at 6 months. Stroke. 1999 Apr;30(4):744-8.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.str.30.4.744http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10187872?tool=bestpractice.com 指南推荐在卒中患者进食或饮水前行床边吞咽测试,但并未给出该如何测试及测试结果解读的相关细节。[51]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Mar;49(3):e46-110.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000158http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29367334?tool=bestpractice.com 一种合理的做法是,只有喝下一小杯水无呛咳且无声音发湿的患者,才允许经口进食。 对于不能经口摄入营养的患者,应通过输注等渗液进行补液(减少脑水肿的风险),并通过鼻饲管、经鼻十二指肠导管或经皮胃造瘘管接受肠道喂养。 [
]How does percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy compare with nasogastric tube feeding in people with swallowing disturbances?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.1134/full显示答案
VTE 约占卒中死亡原因的 10%。[92]Wijdicks EF, Scott JP. Pulmonary embolism associated with acute stroke. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997 Apr;72(4):297-300.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9121173?tool=bestpractice.com 应为卧床的卒中患者提供 VTE 预防,但是大部分 VTE 预防的证据来自于非卒中人群的对照试验。[93]Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 suppl):381-453S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18574271?tool=bestpractice.com 应使用抗凝剂,除非存在出血性转化,在这种情况下,可以用气动压缩装置来代替。[94]Lacut K, Bressollette L, Le Gal G, et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2005 Sep 27;65(6):865-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16186525?tool=bestpractice.com 建议卒中患者早期活动。这样做可通过减轻静脉淤滞降低静脉性血栓的风险,但尚未在对照试验中证实。[95]European Stroke Organisation. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Mar 2016 [internet publication].https://eso-stroke.org/eso-guideline-directory/
没有充足的证据推荐对急性卒中患者使用影响一氧化氮产生的药物(例如一氧化氮供体、L-精氨酸或一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂)。[96]Bath PM, Krishnan K, Appleton JP. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;(4):CD000398.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000398.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28429459?tool=bestpractice.com 一项 Cochrane 评价表明,对于急性缺血性卒中患者在卒中发作的 48 小时内给予脑活素(一种来自猪脑组织的多肽混合物)在全因死亡方面并未优于安慰剂。在急性缺血性卒中患者中,使用脑活素后严重不良事件的增加也令人担忧。[97]Ziganshina LE, Abakumova T, Vernay L. Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;(4):CD007026.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007026.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28430363?tool=bestpractice.com 虽然脑活素在一些国家中较为常用(例如中国、俄罗斯),但其在包括美国、欧洲和英国等其他地区不可用。