对心房颤动进行华法林抗凝治疗,[116]Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jul 11;154(13):1449-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8018000?tool=bestpractice.com 服用维生素 K 拮抗剂患者的 INR 范围应该是 2.0-3.0。[117]Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 suppl):546-92S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18574273?tool=bestpractice.com HAS-BLED 评分可能用于评估患者的出血风险;如果偏高,则患者需要更密切的随访。[118]Lane DA, Lip GY. Use of the CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HAS-BLED scores to aid decision making for thromboprophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2012 Aug 14;126(7):860-5.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/circulationaha.111.060061http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891166?tool=bestpractice.com SAME-TTR 评分可能用于决定患者是否应该服用非维生素 K 口服抗凝剂或维生素 K 拮抗剂。[119]Roldán V, Cancio S, Gálvez J, et al. The SAMe-TT2R2 score predicts poor anticoagulation control in AF patients: a prospective 'real-world' inception cohort study. Am J Med. 2015 Nov;128(11):1237-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26087049?tool=bestpractice.com
针对无心房颤动的患者进行的抗血小板药物治疗。[120]Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002 Jan 12;324(7329):71-86.https://www.bmj.com/content/324/7329/71.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786451?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Halkes PH, van Gijn J, Kappelle LJ, et al. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006 May 20;367(9523):1665-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16714187?tool=bestpractice.com 基于氯吡格雷和缓释性双嘧达莫 (MRD) 在预防闭塞性血管事件中的作用的系统评价,有证据表明,对于缺血性卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA) 患者最具成本效益的治疗,即服用氯吡格雷后使用缓释性双嘧达莫 (MRD) 加阿司匹林,随后单独使用阿司匹林;对于心肌梗死患者,最具成本效益的治疗是阿司匹林后服用氯吡格雷;对于明确有外周动脉病变或多血管病变的患者,服用氯吡格雷后使用阿司匹林。[122]Greenhalgh J, Bagust A, Boland A, et al. Clopidogrel and modified-release dipyridamole for the prevention of occlusive vascular events (review of Technology Appraisal No. 90): a systematic review and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2011 Sep;15(31):1-178.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888837?tool=bestpractice.com 西洛他唑是一种治疗急性缺血性卒中的新的潜在可行的用药,且其疗效和安全性与阿司匹林相当。[123]Kamal AK, Naqvi I, Husain MR, et al. Cilostazol versus aspirin for secondary prevention of vascular events after stroke of arterial origin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD008076.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008076.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249700?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do cilostazol and aspirin compare for the prevention of vascular events after stroke of arterial origin?https://cochranelibrary.com/cca/doi/10.1002/cca.497/full显示答案 一项队列研究显示,与较年轻患者相比,接受基于每日阿司匹林的抗血小板治疗而不常规使用 PPI 的较年长患者,发生严重出血的风险更高,并且面临该风险的时间更长。在这项研究中,75 岁或 75 岁以上患者的严重出血情况有一半发生在上消化道。需要常规使用 PPI 治疗以预防严重上消化道出血的患者人数估值较低,研究者们总结道,应该鼓励联合用药。[124]Li L, Geraghty OC, Mehta, Z, et al; Oxford Vascular Study. Age-specific risks, severity, time course, and outcome of bleeding on long-term antiplatelet treatment after vascular events: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2017 Jul 29;390(10093):490-9.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5537194/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28622955?tool=bestpractice.com
针对颈动脉狭窄的颈动脉内膜切除术。[19]Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, et al; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 15;325(7):445-53.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199108153250701http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1852179?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 12;339(20):1415-25.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199811123392002http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9811916?tool=bestpractice.com 在近期出现有症状颈动脉狭窄(即短暂性脑缺血发作或非致残性卒中)的患者中,颈动脉内膜切除术对 50%-69% 的有症状狭窄有益,对 70%-99% 尚未接近闭塞状态的狭窄有益。在近闭塞患者中,未发现获益证据。[125]Orrapin S, Rerkasem K. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 7;(6):CD001081.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001081.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28590505?tool=bestpractice.com 基于一项大样本 meta 分析,与采用颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉疾病的患者相比,颈动脉支架置入术可导致围手术期和中期至长期不良结局风险升高,但其围手术期发生心肌梗死和颅神经损伤的发生率降低。目前急需能够确定出最适合行颈动脉支架置入术、且从其中获益大于颈动脉内膜切除术的患者的方法策略。[126]Bangalore S, Kumar S, Wetterslev J, et al. Carotid artery stenting vs carotid endarterectomy: meta-analysis and diversity-adjusted trial sequential analysis of randomized trials. Arch Neurol. 2011 Feb;68(2):172-84.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/802342http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937941?tool=bestpractice.com
对于缺血性卒中或 TIA 患者,推荐使用有强降脂作用的他汀类药物治疗,以降低卒中和心血管事件的风险。[61]Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jul;45(7):2160-236.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000024http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788967?tool=bestpractice.com 可加用依折麦布进一步降低 LDL-C 水平。[127]Ahmed N, Steiner T, Caso V, et al; ESO-KSU session participants. Recommendations from the ESO-Karolinska Stroke Update Conference, Stockholm 13-15 November 2016. Eur Stroke J. 2017 Jun;2(2):95-102.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2396987317699144 对于卒中复发风险非常高、且即使经积极降脂治疗后低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平仍旧非常高的患者,可能从前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/kexin 9 型抑制剂中获益。
可能需要额外的二级预防措施,具体取决于卒中的危险因素和在调查卒中原因时进行的检查中发现的相关疾病。[61]Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jul;45(7):2160-236.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000024http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788967?tool=bestpractice.com
在卒中患者或短暂性脑缺血和肥胖患者中,治疗医师应考虑睡眠检查,因为在此患者亚组中常见睡眠呼吸暂停,通过持续气道正压通气治疗呼吸暂停可能改善临床结局。[61]Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Jul;45(7):2160-236.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/str.0000000000000024http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24788967?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有栓子来源不明的栓塞性卒中和卵圆孔未闭 (PFO) 的患者,若其 ROPE 评分高,则 PFO 闭合术可能有益于其卒中的二级预防。[127]Ahmed N, Steiner T, Caso V, et al; ESO-KSU session participants. Recommendations from the ESO-Karolinska Stroke Update Conference, Stockholm 13-15 November 2016. Eur Stroke J. 2017 Jun;2(2):95-102.http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2396987317699144