2013 年,全球总共有 330 万人死于缺血性卒中。在 1990 至 2010 年之间,缺血性卒中的死亡率在高收入国家下降了 37%,在低收入和中等收入国家下降了 14%。[9]Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018 Mar 20;137(12):e67-492.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386200?tool=bestpractice.com 在美国,卒中是导致严重长期残疾的首要原因。[9]Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018 Mar 20;137(12):e67-492.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386200?tool=bestpractice.com 可通过充分验证的预后评分(例如 ASTRAL 评分或 iScore)获得可靠的功能性结局的预后。[108]Cooray C, Mazya M, Bottai M, et al. External validation of the ASTRAL and DRAGON scores for prediction of functional outcome in stroke. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):1493-9.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/strokeaha.116.012802http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27174528?tool=bestpractice.com 静脉溶栓和卒中专科病房是改善卒中结局的唯一已证实的干预手段。
卒中常见的并发症包括吸入性肺炎、抑郁和深静脉血栓形成。
一项关于卒中后物理治疗疗效的 meta 分析显示,即使是在卒中后晚期应用,多种干预仍可改善功能结局。[109]Ferrarello F, Baccini M, Rinaldi LA, et al. Efficacy of physiotherapy interventions late after stroke: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;82(2):136-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20826872?tool=bestpractice.com
接受重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂 (r-tPA) 治疗的患者
尽管发生有症状的颅内出血风险为 6%,但这些患者仍可能比不使用 r-tPA 治疗的患者有更好的预后。预防 1 例额外卒中相关残疾的需治疗人数大约为 8。[65]National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec 14;333(24):1581-7.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199512143332401http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7477192?tool=bestpractice.com 更新的研究表明,在改良 Rankin 残疾量表中的数值改变 1 个点需要治疗的患者数甚至更低(例如,即使患者没有完全恢复或接近完全恢复,使用 r-tPA 仍可能降低严重残疾的几率)。[110]Saver JL. Number needed to treat estimates incorporating effects over the entire range of clinical outcomes: novel derivation method and application to thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004 Jul;61(7):1066-70.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/786159http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15262737?tool=bestpractice.com