大宗文献表明,在疾病和手术人群中,静脉血栓栓塞的发生率可以降低。已构建出风险评估模型用来给静脉血栓栓塞患者进行危险度分层。[21]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e195S-e226S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278052/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e227S-e277S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278061/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com对于静脉血栓栓塞高风险且出血低风险的患者,推荐进行药物预防。对于静脉血栓栓塞低风险或出血高风险的患者,推荐机械压迫和/或早期下床活动。
对于有疾病和手术人群的药物预防包括低剂量的普通肝素,低分子肝素和磺达肝素。对于行关节置换的患者,阿司匹林和维生素K拮抗剂也用于预防静脉血栓栓塞。[26]Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e278S-e325S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278063/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315265?tool=bestpractice.com基于大型、随机临床试验的结果,利伐沙班和阿哌沙班(口服 Xa 因子抑制剂)和达比加群(一种口服的直接凝血酶抑制剂)在某些国家已被批准用于接受关节置换手术患者的 VTE 预防治疗。[27]Eriksson BI, Borris LC, Friedman RJ, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2765-2775.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0800374#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579811?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Huo MH, et al. Oral dabigatran versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after primary total hip arthroplasty (RE-NOVATE II*). A randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105:721-729.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21225098?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:2178-2185.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02748.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17764540?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2007;370:949-956.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869635?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Kakkar AK, Brenner B, Dahl OE, et al. Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:31-39.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18582928?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Lassen MR, Ageno W, Borris LC, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2776-2786.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa076016#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579812?tool=bestpractice.com[33]RE-MOBILIZE Writing Committee; Ginsberg JS, Davidson BL, Comp PC, et al. Oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs North American enoxaparin regimen for prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty surgery. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:1-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534438?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Turpie AG, Lassen MR, Davidson BL, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty (RECORD4): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1673-1680.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19411100?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, et al. Apixaban or enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:594-604.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0810773#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657123?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Lassen MR, Raskob GE, Gallus A, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement (ADVANCE-2): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2010;375:807-815.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206776?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Lassen MR, Gallus A, Raskob GE, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip replacement. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2487-2498.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1006885#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21175312?tool=bestpractice.com但是这些药物在非手术人群中的预防作用还没得到证实。进行关节置换或者髋关节骨折手术以及因恶性肿瘤需要行腹-盆联合手术的患者,推荐行延长疗程的药物预防(4到6周)。[25]Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e227S-e277S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278061/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315263?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e278S-e325S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278063/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315265?tool=bestpractice.com然而,对于急性内科疾病的患者,并不推荐常规使用延长疗程的静脉血栓栓塞预防,因为这种方法会增加大出血的风险。[38]Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Büller HR, et al. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:513-523.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1111096#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23388003?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Goldhaber SZ, Leizorovicz A, Kakkar AK, et al. Apixaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis in medically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2167-2177.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1110899#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22077144?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Hull RD, Schellong SM, Tapson VF, et al. Extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients with recently reduced mobility: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:8-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621900?tool=bestpractice.com不建议长途旅行的患者接受常规药物预防,但应该具体病例具体分析。这些患者穿戴弹力袜可减少静脉血栓栓塞的风险。[21]Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e195S-e226S.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278052/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315261?tool=bestpractice.com