估计全球发病率在 1/50,000 至 1/500,000 之间。[9]Bartsch DK, Langer P, Rothmund M. Surgical aspects of gastrinoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119:602-608.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17985096?tool=bestpractice.com
至少 90% 的患者在 50 岁以前会出现原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进 (PHPT),但不到 4% 的散发性 PHPT 患者患有 MEN。[4]Machens A, Schaaf L, Karges W, et al. Age-related penetrance of endocrine tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): a multicentre study of 258 gene carriers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67:613-622.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17590169?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Anlauf M, Garbrecht N, Henopp T, et al. Sporadic versus hereditary gastrinomas of the duodenum and pancreas: distinct clinico-pathological and epidemiological features. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:5440-5446.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/12/5440.asphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17006979?tool=bestpractice.com
约 30%~75% 的 MEN1 患者患有胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(大部分症状性病变出现于 40 岁以后)- 事后分析显示无症状性病变相当普遍。[10]Skogseid B, Eriksson B, Lundqvist G, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: a 10-year prospective screening study in four kindreds. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:281-287.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1677362?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Vasen HF, Lamers CB, Lips CJ. Screening for the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I. A study of 11 kindreds in The Netherlands. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:2717-2722.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2574567?tool=bestpractice.com
催乳素瘤是最常见的 MEN1 垂体腺瘤。
生长激素分泌性垂体腺瘤和非功能性腺瘤是第二常见的 MEN1 垂体腺瘤。[12]Lourenco DM Jr, Toledo RA, Mackowiak II, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in Brazil: MEN1 founding mutation, clinical features, and bone mineral density profile. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:259-274.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524795?tool=bestpractice.com
促肾上腺皮质激素分泌性肿瘤是不太常见的 MEN1 垂体腺瘤。[12]Lourenco DM Jr, Toledo RA, Mackowiak II, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in Brazil: MEN1 founding mutation, clinical features, and bone mineral density profile. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:259-274.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524795?tool=bestpractice.com
促甲状腺激素分泌性肿瘤是罕见的 MEN1 垂体腺瘤。[12]Lourenco DM Jr, Toledo RA, Mackowiak II, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in Brazil: MEN1 founding mutation, clinical features, and bone mineral density profile. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:259-274.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18524795?tool=bestpractice.com
胃泌素瘤较为罕见,但高达 25% 的胃泌素瘤与 MEN1 相关。
垂体肿瘤是最不常见的 MEN1 肿瘤,外显率为 10%~60%。[4]Machens A, Schaaf L, Karges W, et al. Age-related penetrance of endocrine tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): a multicentre study of 258 gene carriers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67:613-622.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17590169?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Carty SE, Helm AK, Amico JA, et al. The variable penetrance and spectrum of manifestations of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Surgery. 1998;124:1106-1114.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9854591?tool=bestpractice.com
3% 以上的 MEN1 患者会出现胸腺和支气管神经内分泌肿瘤 (NET)。在欧洲 MEN1 患者中,胸腺 NET 显著多见于男性,且死亡率较高。支气管 NET 的病程进展相对缓慢。[1]Thakker RV, Newey PJ, Walls GV, et al; Endocrine Society. Clinical practice guidelines for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2990-3011.http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2012-1230http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723327?tool=bestpractice.com[14]de Laat JM, Pieterman CR, van den Broek MF, et al. Natural course and survival of neuroendocrine tumors of thymus and lung in MEN1 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:3325-3333.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24915123?tool=bestpractice.com
大多数病例为 MEN2A。
如果不使用预防性甲状腺切除术治疗,几乎所有 MEN2 遗传基因携带者在成年时都会出现甲状腺髓样癌,并且是 MEN2 的最常见表现特征。[15]Wells SA Jr, Pacini F, Robinson BG, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:3149-3164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744408?tool=bestpractice.com
约 50% 的 MEN2A 患者会出现嗜铬细胞瘤。嗜铬细胞瘤是 25% 的 MEN2 患者的初期表现。[15]Wells SA Jr, Pacini F, Robinson BG, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:3149-3164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744408?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Petri BJ, van Eijck CH, de Herder WW, et al. Phaeochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas. Br J Surg. 2009;96:1381-1392.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bjs.6821/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19918850?tool=bestpractice.com
高达 30% 的 MEN2A 患者会患上多腺性甲状旁腺腺瘤。[15]Wells SA Jr, Pacini F, Robinson BG, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:3149-3164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744408?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Gagel RF, Tashjian AH Jr, Cummings T, et al. The clinical outcome of prospective screening for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2a. An 18-year experience. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:478-484.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2893259?tool=bestpractice.com[18]Easton DF, Ponder MA, Cummings T, et al. The clinical and screening age-at-onset distribution for the MEN-2 syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1989;44:208-215.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1715408/pdf/ajhg00112-0034.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2563193?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Ponder BA, Ponder MA, Coffey R, et al. Risk estimation and screening in families of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Lancet. 1988;1:397-401.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2893198?tool=bestpractice.com
PHPT 见于 MEN2A 患者的较小亚组。[20]Schuffenecker I, Virally-Monod M, Brohet R, et al. Risk and penetrance of primary hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A families with mutations at codon 634 of the RET proto-oncogene. Groupe d'etude des Tumeurs a Calcitonine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:487-491.http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/83/2/487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9467562?tool=bestpractice.com
MEN2A 的罕见变体包括先天性巨结肠病和皮肤苔藓样淀粉样变性。[6]Donovan DT, Levy ML, Furst EJ, et al. Familial cutaneous lichen amyloidosis in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A: a new variant. Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1989;37:147-150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2576950?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Verdy M, Weber AM, Roy CC, et al. Hirschsprung's disease in a family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1982;1:603-607.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6136579?tool=bestpractice.com
MEN2B 相当罕见,与 MEN2A 相比,其值得注意的是早期年龄段出现的更具侵袭性的嗜铬细胞瘤和甲状腺髓样癌。